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National Wildlife Refuge System Region 3

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There are three widely used neonicotinoid seed coat formulations that protect young crop plants (e.g. corn and soybean) against pest herbivory (thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and chlothianidin). These insecticides are systemic, meaning they can be absorbed and distributed throughout the plant. Once seeds germinate, the insecticides are translocated throughout the growing corn plant[6]. When the plant is consumed by herbivorous insects, the insect also consumes and is affected by the toxicity of the insecticide.Not all of the neonicotinoid insecticide remains with the seed or growing corn plant. Owing to their high water solubility, a portion of the insecticide is leached away from the seed reaching groundwater and...
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