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Theory of the evolution of pathogen specialization suggests that a specialist pathogen gains high fitness in one host, but this comes with fitness loss in other hosts. By contrast, a generalist pathogen does not achieve high fitness in any host, but gains ecological fitness by exploiting different hosts, and has higher fitness than specialists in non-specialized hosts. As a result, specialist pathogens are predicted to have greater variation in fitness across hosts, and generalists would have lower fitness variation across hosts. We test these hypotheses by measuring pathogen replicative fitness as within-host viral loads from the onset of infection to the beginning of virus clearance, using the rhabdovirus infectious...
Categories: Data;
Tags: Aquatic Biology,
Ecology,
Pacific Northwest,
RNA viruses,
USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC),
There is a fundamental knowledge gap on the distribution, prevalence, intensity, and ecology of salmonid myxozoan parasites in the Lake Sammamish watershed, Washington. To address this knowledge gap, we tested water samples for Ceratonova shasta, Parvicapsula minibicornis and Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae DNA from 84 sites distributed throughout the Lake Sammamish watershed in fall 2019 and 74 sites in spring 2020. Our surveillance identified zones with high waterborne parasite loads and provides a proof of concept for this approach that could be expanded throughout the larger Lake Washington watershed.
Categories: Data;
Tags: Aquatic Biology,
Ceratonova shasta,
Ecology,
Parvicapsula minibicornis,
Puget Sound,
Piscine orthoreovirus genotype one (PRV-1) is the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The virus has also been found in Pacific salmonids in western North America, raising concerns about the risk to native salmon and trout. Here, we report the results of laboratory challenges using juvenile Chinook salmon, coho salmon, and rainbow trout injected with tissue homogenates from Atlantic salmon testing positive for PRV-1 or with control material. Fish were sampled at intervals to assess viral RNA transcript levels, hematocrit, erythrocytic inclusions, and histopathology. While PRV-1 replicated to high loads in all species, there was negligible mortality...
Categories: Data;
Tags: Pacific Northwest,
USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC),
Wildlife Disease,
environment
Environmental variation has important effects on host-pathogen interactions, affecting large-scale ecological processes such as the severity and frequency of epidemics. However, less is known about how the environment modulates viral fitness traits and within host infection processes. Viral genetic variation, fish host immune response and environmental parameters such as temperature have been reported to strongly influence the replication and clearance of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a significant pathogen of salmon and trout. Here, we quantified the effect of water temperature on probability of infection across time following exposure of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to a field isolate of IHNV....
Categories: Data;
Tags: Aquatic Biology,
Pacific Northwest,
USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC),
Wildlife Disease,
aquaculture water use,
The data are used to support the development and validation of two quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays to detect the parasite Nanophyetus salmincola DNA in water samples and fish and snail tissues. The data link to a series of experiments that are described in the publications. Experiment 1 defines the linearity and detection limits of the assays. Experiment 2 assesses the utility of the assays to detect N. salminicola waterborne cercaria in one liter volumes of water. Experiment 4 assesses the detection of N. salminicola waterborne cercaria in small volumes (50 microliters). Experiments 5 and 6 assesses the within and between run repeatability of the assays. Experiment 7 assesses the diagnostic...
Categories: Data;
Tags: DNA probe analysis,
Disease research,
USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC),
Washington
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) represents one of the most critical challenges for salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. There are three genogroups of IHNV, designated U, M, and L; the U is further delineated into two subgroups, UC and UP, and the M is further delineated into four subgroups (MA – MD). The UP, UC and MD subgroups co-occur in the Columbia River Basin where the host species sockeye salmon, Chinook salmon, and steelhead trout spawn and rear. Field prevalence data shows that UC viruses exhibit a generalist strategy in Chinook, and steelhead, while two other virus lineages, MD and UP, are more consistent with being specialists in steelhead or sockeye salmon, respectively. The L is found in...
Categories: Data;
Tags: Aquatic Biology,
Pacific Northwest,
USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC),
Wildlife Biology,
Wildlife Disease,
Dataset for the publication 'Molecular testing of adult Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) for several RNA viruses demonstrates widespread distribution of piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) in Alaska and Washington'. This research was initiated in conjunction with a systematic, multi-agency surveillance effort in the United States (U.S.) in response to reported findings of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) RNA in British Columbia, Canada. In the systematic surveillance study reported in a companion paper, tissues from various salmonids taken from Washington and Alaska were surveyed for ISAV RNA using the U.S. approved diagnostic method and samples were released for use in this present study only after testing...
A quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was developed to detect nuclear inclusion X (NIX) in Pacific razor clams, and assay specificity was confirmed by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Both tests were applied to evaluate NIX infections in wild Pacific razor clams collected during spring 2019. Consistent with results from earlier histopathological assessments, qPCR and CISH indicated 100% prevalence in razor clams from two Washington beaches and 0% prevalence from two Alaskan beaches.
Categories: Data;
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: Alaska Coastal,
USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC),
Washington Coastal,
bacteria,
biota,
Bacterial kidney disease (BKD) caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs) occurs nearly worldwide where wild or cultured salmonid fishes are present. Control of BKD is confounded by its two modes of transmission, horizontal (fish-to-fish) and vertical (from female parent to progeny via the eggs). A highly successful BKD control strategy employed in Pacific Northwest hatcheries culturing spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) includes: (1) injecting pre-spawning adults with a macrolide antibiotic to improve survival and reduce Rs infection levels, (2) broodstock culling of highly infected females and (3) improved fish husbandry. However, the future availability of the injectable macrolide antibiotic (erythromycin)...
Nuclear inclusion X (NIX), the etiological agent of bacterial gill disease in Pacific razor clams (Siliqua patula) was associated with host mortality events in coastal Washington, USA during the mid-1980s. Ongoing observations of truncated razor clam size distributions in Kalaloch Beach, Washington raised concerns that NIX continues to impact populations. We conducted a series of spatial and longitudinal NIX surveillances, examined archived razor clam gill tissue, and used population estimates from stock assessments to test whether: a) the prevalence and intensity of NIX infections is higher at Kalaloch Beach relative to nearby beaches b) infected gill tissue has features consistent with historical descriptions...
Categories: Data;
Tags: USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC),
Washington Coastal,
Wildlife Biology,
Wildlife Disease,
environment
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is an acute pathogen of salmonids in North America, Europe and Asia that is phylogenetically classified into five major virus genogroups (U, M, L, E and J). The geographic range of the U and M genogroup isolates overlap in the North American Columbia River Basin and Washington Coast region, where these genogroups pose different risks depending on the species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). For certain management decisions, there is a need to both test for IHNV presence and rapidly determine the genogroup. Herein, we report the development and validation of a U/M multiplex reverse transcription, real-time PCR (RT-rPCR) assay targeting the IHNV nucleocapsid (N)...
Categories: Data;
Tags: Pacific Northwest,
USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC),
Wildlife Disease,
biota,
fish,
To determine how initial length affects survival of captively-reared juvenile suckers, we introduced Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tagged juvenile suckers into three net pens in Upper Klamath Lake. The suckers originated from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Sucker Assisted Rearing Program in Klamath Falls, Oregon, which rears suckers collected as larvae in Upper Klamath Lake including Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus), shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris), and Klamath largescale sucker (Catostomus synderi). Suckers were monitored continuously by PIT antennas. These data contain all remote detections from the PIT antennas, all physical captures, water quality data associated with each net pen,...
Categories: Data;
Tags: Aquatic Biology,
USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC),
Upper Klamath,
Upper Klamath Lake,
farming,
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