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The Klickitat mule deer herd inhabits the Columbia Hills and surrounding terrain to the north along the Columbia River, Washington (fig. 23). The Klickitat River is the western boundary of the herd and is part of a transition zone between black-tailed deer and mule deer distributions. Habitats in the western half of the herd’s range include Quercus garryana (Oregon white oak) mixed with Abies spp. (fir), pine, or grassland species. The western half of the herd’s range comprises a mix of public and private lands, including rangeland, farmland, and the Klickitat Wildlife Area, which has protected crucial winter range since the 1950s. Sagebrush steppe is more prevalent in the eastern half of the herd’s range with Quercus...
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The Wenatchee Mountains mule deer herd inhabits a matrix of private and public lands along the eastern slope of the Cascade Range in Chelan and Kittitas Counties in Washington (fig. 24). Historically, the Wenatchee Mountains mule deer herd was separated into two subherds, Chelan and Kittitas; however, recent GPS collar data indicated the mule deer south of U.S. Highway 2 and north of Interstate 90 represent one population. Their high-use winter range extends along the foothills west and south of Wenatchee, Washington and throughout the foothills of the Kittitas Valley near Ellensburg. Their low-use winter range occurs along the foothills west of the Columbia River north of Interstate 90. In the spring, migratory...
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The winter ranges of the Northside mule deer herd can be broadly separated into northern and southern subgroups. The majority of the southern subgroup winters at low elevations near the John Day River in areas dominated by big sagebrush communities, Columbia Basin grasslands, and western juniper. The northern subgroup is more spatially dispersed, wintering by Cottonwood Creek, the North Fork John Day River, and the Middle Fork John Day River in ranges containing more conifer forest than those of the southern subgroup. Both subgroups summer in the same general area, migrating either northeast or southeast to reach ranges featuring mixed-conifer, Picea spp. (spruce), Ponderosa pine, and western juniper forests with...
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The Jemez elk herd resides in the Jemez Mountains within the Valles Caldera National Preserve. This herd was originally included in Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States, Volume 2 (Kauffman and others, 2022), but has been updated for this volume owing to the acquisition of new data from 40 additional adult females. The Jemez elk are only partially migratory, with some residents remaining within the Valles Caldera year-round, while others exhibit two distinct seasonal movement patterns. The first movement pattern occurs during midwinter (January–February; arrows labeled 1) when numerous individuals move to the lower elevation slopes of the Valles Caldera, primarily southeast towards Bandelier National...
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The Colockum elk herd inhabits a mix of public and private lands northeast of Ellensburg between Blewett Pass of the Cascade Range and west of the Columbia River (fig. 35). The population ranges between 4,000 and 5,000 animals and is partially migratory, with individuals displaying a mix of resident (63 percent of analyzed individuals) and migratory (34 percent of analyzed individuals) behaviors. During winter, many elk inhabit grassland, sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, and ponderosa pine habitats in the Whiskey Dick, Quilomene, and Colockum Wildlife Areas and the eastern reaches of the Naneum State Forest. As spring green up of vegetation nears, migratory elk travel northwest toward summer ranges in the Wenatchee...
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The Murderer’s Creek mule deer herd winters south of U.S. Route 26 in river valleys near Canyon Creek, Murderer’s Creek, and the South Fork John Day River. The herd’s winter ranges are characterized by western juniper, big sagebrush, and Columbia Basin grassland communities, with medusahead and other non-native grasses invading lower elevations. In the spring, mule deer mainly migrate southeast to summer ranges distributed throughout Gilbert Ridge and the Aldrich Mountains, some traveling as far south as Devon Ridge and east to Ironside Mountain. Summer ranges in these areas contain mixed-conifer forests, ponderosa pine, and low sagebrush communities. A smaller portion of this herd migrates northeast in the spring,...
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The Mendocino mule deer herd complex is comprised of three overlapping black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) administrative herds, including Mendocino, Clear Lake, and Alder Springs. Mendocino black-tailed deer exhibit variable movement patterns and strategies, including traditional seasonal migrants, full-time residents, and multi-range migrants. Migrants move between seasonal ranges from a multitude of lower elevation areas within the North Coast Range in winter to higher elevation summer ranges (fig. XXX). Local biologists predict high-use winter ranges throughout both foothill slopes and valley bottoms. Female deer of the Mendocino herd complex exhibit both short-term (seasonal/annual) and long-term...
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The Klickitat mule deer herd inhabits the Columbia Hills and surrounding terrain to the north along the Columbia River, Washington (fig. 23). The Klickitat River is the western boundary of the herd and is part of a transition zone between black-tailed deer and mule deer distributions. Habitats in the western half of the herd’s range include Quercus garryana (Oregon white oak) mixed with Abies spp. (fir), pine, or grassland species. The western half of the herd’s range comprises a mix of public and private lands, including rangeland, farmland, and the Klickitat Wildlife Area, which has protected crucial winter range since the 1950s. Sagebrush steppe is more prevalent in the eastern half of the herd’s range with Quercus...
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With 204 GPS-collared mule deer, the Beulah-Malheur herd is one of the most extensively recorded mule deer herds in Oregon. Mule deer primarily winter along the Malheur River and the Stinkingwater Mountains, with some as far south as the Owyhee River. Winter ranges are covered by Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush), grassland, and encroaching Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper). Although spatially dispersed, much of the Beulah-Malheur herd collectively migrates northwest to reach summer ranges across the upper elevations of the Malheur National Forest, Pedro Mountain, and Cottonwood Mountain. Primary summer range vegetation includes A. t. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush), Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine),...
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The Trout Creek mule deer herd is composed of residents and migrants that make short-range elevational migrations. Mule deer mainly winter at lower elevations surrounding Blue Mountain and the slopes of the Oregon Canyon Mountains. In spring, some of these mule deer migrate to higher elevations in the Oregon Canyon Mountains. Other members of the herd winter in the southwestern portion of the herd’s range, inhabiting areas near Hawks Mountain, the Pueblo Mountains, and the foothills of the Trout Creek Mountains. These mule deer migrate to summer ranges on the crests of Holloway Mountain and the Trout Creek Mountains. Notably, one mule deer formerly wintering on the Trout Creek Mountains migrated south from a summer...
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The Tesuque Pueblo mule deer herd is primarily nonmigratory, using the foothills of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains (fig. 9). U.S. Highways 84 and 285 are the major routes from Santa Fe to areas in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado, bisecting the Tesuque Pueblo reservation and creating a physical barrier for deer movement. Thus, mule deer in this herd were equipped with GPS collars to identify where mitigation efforts, like installing underpasses or fencing, may help mule deer cross busy highways successfully and reduce the number of wildlife-vehicle collisions. GPS collars were deployed on six mule deer as a part of this study: three females and three males. The female mule deer primarily used the northeastern...
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The Spring Mountains are critical habitat for the Spring Mountains mule deer herd in southern Nevada. The Spring Mountains west of Las Vegas, Nevada range in elevation from low meadows at 3,000 ft (910 m) to Charleston Peak at nearly 12,000 ft (3,632 m). Lower elevations are dominated by desert scrub and shrubland transitioning to Yucca brevifolia (Joshua tree) and pinyon-juniper forest at midelevations, with mixed montane conifer including ponderosa pine and Pinus longaeva (bristlecone pine) pine at higher elevations, and sparse alpine grasses and forbs above the tree line. The migratory behavior of the Spring Mountains mule deer herd is variable, with a mix of year-round residents and short-distance elevational...
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The Tesuque Pueblo elk herd is primarily nonmigratory. The elk in this herd came to the region in the late 1990s and early 2000s, likely because of displacement by large fires in the Jemez Mountains. U.S. Highways 84 and 285 bisect the Tesuque Pueblo, and create a physical barrier for elk movement, which contributes to potential elk-vehicle collisions. Two female elk were fitted with GPS collars to track the habitat and lands used by this herd. The elk seasonally use the western section of the Tesuque Pueblo (fig. 34). Similar to the Tesuque Pueblo mule deer herd (see the “Tesuque Pueblo Mule Deer” section of this report), the annual range of the Tesuque Pueblo elk herd primarily consists of pinyon-juniper woodlands...
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South of Interstate 40 elk reside primarily in Arizona’s Game Management Unit (GMU) 8. Upon completing population surveys in 2021, approximately 4,000 elk were estimated to inhabit GMU 8. Their summer range is primarily characterized by high-elevation ponderosa pine forests and grasslands. The elk radiate out from various origin points within their summer range to their winter range, comprised of rims of canyons in the area, including Sycamore Canyon, Tule Canyon, and Government Canyon. This series of canyons creates an impermeable southern boundary for this herd. Their winter range along the rim country is primarily characterized by pinyon-juniper, manzanita, and scrub oak. Interstate 40 is the primary threat to...
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The Jemez elk herd resides in the Jemez Mountains within the Valles Caldera National Preserve. This herd was originally included in Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States, Volume 2 (Kauffman and others, 2022), but has been updated for this volume owing to the acquisition of new data from 40 additional adult females. The Jemez elk are only partially migratory, with some residents remaining within the Valles Caldera year-round, while others exhibit two distinct seasonal movement patterns. The first movement pattern occurs during midwinter (January–February; arrows labeled 1) when numerous individuals move to the lower elevation slopes of the Valles Caldera, primarily southeast towards Bandelier National...
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The Wenatchee Mountains mule deer herd inhabits a matrix of private and public lands along the eastern slope of the Cascade Range in Chelan and Kittitas Counties in Washington (fig. 24). Historically, the Wenatchee Mountains mule deer herd was separated into two subherds, Chelan and Kittitas; however, recent GPS collar data indicated the mule deer south of U.S. Highway 2 and north of Interstate 90 represent one population. Their high-use winter range extends along the foothills west and south of Wenatchee, Washington and throughout the foothills of the Kittitas Valley near Ellensburg. Their low-use winter range occurs along the foothills west of the Columbia River north of Interstate 90. In the spring, migratory...
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The Colockum elk herd inhabits a mix of public and private lands northeast of Ellensburg between Blewett Pass of the Cascade Range and west of the Columbia River (fig. 35). The population ranges between 4,000 and 5,000 animals and is partially migratory, with individuals displaying a mix of resident (63 percent of analyzed individuals) and migratory (34 percent of analyzed individuals) behaviors. During winter, many elk inhabit grassland, sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, and ponderosa pine habitats in the Whiskey Dick, Quilomene, and Colockum Wildlife Areas and the eastern reaches of the Naneum State Forest. As spring green up of vegetation nears, migratory elk travel northwest toward summer ranges in the Wenatchee...
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The Likely Tables herd contains migrants, but this herd does not migrate between traditional summer and winter seasonal ranges. Instead, much of the herd displays a nomadic tendency, slowly migrating north for the summer using various high use areas as they move. Therefore, annual ranges were modeled using year-round data to demarcate high use areas in lieu modeling specific winter ranges. A high use area being used during winter by many of the collared animals is west of the Warner Mountains, east of U.S. Highway 395, and north of Moon Lake. Some animals live in the agricultural fields west of U.S. Highway 395. There appears to be little if any movement across the highway, which is fenced on both sides in this...
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The Klickitat mule deer herd inhabits the Columbia Hills and surrounding terrain to the north along the Columbia River, Washington (fig. 23). The Klickitat River is the western boundary of the herd and is part of a transition zone between black-tailed deer and mule deer distributions. Habitats in the western half of the herd’s range include Quercus garryana (Oregon white oak) mixed with Abies spp. (fir), pine, or grassland species. The western half of the herd’s range comprises a mix of public and private lands, including rangeland, farmland, and the Klickitat Wildlife Area, which has protected crucial winter range since the 1950s. Sagebrush steppe is more prevalent in the eastern half of the herd’s range with Quercus...
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With 204 GPS-collared mule deer, the Beulah-Malheur herd is one of the most extensively recorded mule deer herds in Oregon. Mule deer primarily winter along the Malheur River and the Stinkingwater Mountains, with some as far south as the Owyhee River. Winter ranges are covered by Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush), grassland, and encroaching Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper). Although spatially dispersed, much of the Beulah-Malheur herd collectively migrates northwest to reach summer ranges across the upper elevations of the Malheur National Forest, Pedro Mountain, and Cottonwood Mountain. Primary summer range vegetation includes A. t. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush), Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine),...
map background search result map search result map Arizona Elk South of Interstate 40 Winter Range California Mule Deer Mendocino Migration Routes California Pronghorn Likely Tables Migration Corridors New Mexico Elk Jemez Migration Corridors New Mexico Elk Jemez Winter ranges New Mexico Tesuque Pueblo Elk Tesuque Pueblo Annual Range New Mexico Tesuque Pueblo Mule Deer Tesuque Pueblo Annual Range Nevada Mule Deer Spring Mountains Migration Stopovers Oregon Mule Deer Beulah-Malheur Migration Corridors Oregon Mule Deer Beulah-Malheur Winter Ranges Oregon Mule Deer Murderer's Creek Migration Corridors Oregon Mule Deer Northside Stopovers Oregon Mule Deer Trout Creek Winter Ranges Washington Elk Colockum Stopovers Washington Elk Colockum Winter Range Washington Mule Deer Klickitat Migration Corridors Washington Mule Deer Klickitat Migration Routes Washington Mule Deer Klickitat Winter Range Washington Mule Deer Wenatchee Migration Routes Washington Mule Deer Wenatchee Stopovers New Mexico Tesuque Pueblo Mule Deer Tesuque Pueblo Annual Range New Mexico Tesuque Pueblo Elk Tesuque Pueblo Annual Range Nevada Mule Deer Spring Mountains Migration Stopovers Washington Elk Colockum Winter Range New Mexico Elk Jemez Winter ranges Arizona Elk South of Interstate 40 Winter Range New Mexico Elk Jemez Migration Corridors Washington Elk Colockum Stopovers California Mule Deer Mendocino Migration Routes Washington Mule Deer Klickitat Winter Range Washington Mule Deer Klickitat Migration Routes Washington Mule Deer Klickitat Migration Corridors Washington Mule Deer Wenatchee Stopovers Washington Mule Deer Wenatchee Migration Routes Oregon Mule Deer Trout Creek Winter Ranges California Pronghorn Likely Tables Migration Corridors Oregon Mule Deer Murderer's Creek Migration Corridors Oregon Mule Deer Northside Stopovers Oregon Mule Deer Beulah-Malheur Winter Ranges Oregon Mule Deer Beulah-Malheur Migration Corridors