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"Biological, climatological, and hydrological data were collected from Clear Creek-Hogatza River from 1995 to 1997. A counting tower and partial weir were constructed to estimate chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Partial hour counts were tested to see if they adequately estimated full hour counts. Chi-square tests indicated all estimates based on partial hour counts differed significantly from hour counts. ANOVA indicated no partial hour count differed significantly from the hour counts. Relative error analysis showed counts greater than 20 minutes produced unbiased estimates of hour counts. The three year estimated average was 96,932 salmon with the average peak occurring on 3 July. A 1:1 sex ratio existed with...
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Recent declines in the number of sockeye salmon Onchorynchus nerka returning to Lake Clark, Alaska have caused economic hardship in the region and raised resource concerns among local subsistence users and Federal managers. A lack of information regarding the distribution of spawning habitats in the glacially turbid Lake Clark watershed instigated this research. Radio telemetry was used to 1) determine the in-lake movement patterns of adult sockeye salmon and 2) identify sockeye salmon spawning locations. Sockeye salmon were radio tagged at they entered Lake Clark and tracked to spawning locations. After entering Lake Clark, sockeye salmon usually migrated to a region of the lake that was within 15 km of their spawning...
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Understanding processes and mechanisms resulting in observed ecological patterns is critical information for biologists charged with effectively managing and conserving wildlife populations. In many areas across North America woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou Gmelin) populations are declining, as are caribou and reindeer populations globally. Why these declines are occurring is a key research question of biologists and managers. I investigated factors influencing recruitment of mountain-dwelling woodland caribou using long-term time series from ten herds (populations) in the Yukon Territory, Canada (Yukon). Recruitment was indexed by the calf:cow ratio observed during the fall breeding season using data...
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Survey data for trumpeter swans were collected throughout Alaska since 1968, but due to design difficulties and past analytical limitations, previous analyses were limited to simple summary statistics. The main purpose of my work was to rigorously analyze these data using advanced methods and determine rates of population change, the effects of environmental change on habitat use, and the influences of habitat features on habitat occupancy. I estimated that the adult population grew at a rate of 5.9% (95% credible interval = 5.2% to 6.6%) and production of cygnets increased at 5.3% (95% credible interval = 2.2% to 8.0%) annually. I also found evidence that variation in occupancy was positively related to average...
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Wildfire is ubiquitous to interior Alaska and is the primary large-scale disturbance regime affecting thawing permafrost and ecosystem processes in boreal forests. Since surface and near surface hydrology is strongly affected by permafrost occurrence, and wildfire can consume insulating organic layers that partially control the thickness of the active layer overlying permafrost, changes in the active layer thickness following fire may mark a distinct change in surface hydrology. In this study, we examined surface area dynamics of lakes following wildfire in four regions of Interior Alaska during a 25-year period from 1984 - 2009. We compared the surface water dynamics of lakes in burned areas relative to lakes in...
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Chemical and isotopic analyses of pore water from permafrost cores taken from the dry lake bed of ancient Lake Atna in the Copper River Basin and from an upland loess deposit northeast of Fairbanks, Alaska reveal information about the local past environments not available by other means. Thawed core samples from both sites were analyzed for δ 18 O and δD values using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Water content was determined as well, and subsamples of the cores were analyzed for nitrogen and carbon content. Water extracts of the core samples were analyzed for cations (Ca, Mg, K and Fe), as well as pH, electrical conductivity, and bicarbonate. Magnetic susceptibility was determined on samples from the Fairbanks...
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General Circulation Models suggest a future climate of warmer and possibly drier summers in the boreal forest region, which could change fire regimes in high latitudes. Thunderstorm development is a dominant factor in the continental boreal forest fire regime, through its influence as a fire starting mechanism. Global Climate Change research has identified the land-atmosphere interface as a vital area of a needed research in order to improve our predictions of climate change. This dissertation has focused on the development of thunderstorms and lightning strike activity in a boreal forest region in Interior Alaska and on how the underlying surface can influence their development. I have examined the distributions...
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Using a mark-recapture design, an epidemiological investigation of Hepatitis B was performed on four colonies of Spermophylus parryi. Animals were trapped, marked and bled. Serum samples were screened for Hepatitis B markers. Program MARK was used to estimate survival rates. Prevalence rates ranged over 55% and 1999 rates were 10% higher than 1998. Vertical transmission of the virus was not observed and juveniles were unaffected by the mother's hepatitis status. Immigrants had lower prevalence rates than residents and incidence rates accelerated throughout the study. Survival was highest during the over-winter period and adult rates were lower in 1999. Recovered animals had different survival rates than other animals...
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Throughout this thesis, I use a multidisciplinary approach for understanding the sustainability of the culture, livelihoods, and ecosystems in the Cook Inlet and Kenai River salmon fisheries on Alaska's Kenai Peninsula. In Chapter 1, I present a broad overview of the Cook Inlet region, its inhabitants, and the various stakeholder and user groups that access regional salmon fisheries. Chapter 1 also provides an overview of the methodology utilized in this research, as well as discuss the methods, the strengths, and weaknesses of the research as part of an evaluation of the study. In Chapter 2, I present an overview of how the Kenai River and Cook Inlet salmon fisheries are managed and regulated, including regulatory...
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Summary: "Artemisia L. (Asteraceae - Anthemideae) is a large and taxonomically complex genus occurring widely throughout the northern hemisphere. Chemical investigations in this genus have mainly been stimulated by the economic and/or medicinal importance of many of its members. This chemical knowledge has also provided useful criteria for resolving systematic uncertainties within the genus. Alaskan Artemisia species are little known chemically despite their historic and contemporary medicinal use. Therefore, an investigation of the chemistry of Alaskan Artemisia arctica was initiated with the dual purpose of searching for structurally novel and/or biologically active compounds and contributing additional criteria...
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Summary: "Puccinellia arctica is a species of arctic grass that is unpalatable to Canada geese, Branta canadensis, and may be an effective and non-lethal means of controlling the growing populations of urban Canada geese that are problematic in many areas of North America. The secondary metabolite profile of P. arctica was compared to the metabolite profiles of three palatable grass species to determine the plausibility that P. arctica is chemically defended. The volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolite profiles of both P. arctica and the palatable grasses were the same. No alkoloids were detected in any of the grasses. Condensed tannin levels were similar in all of the grasses. Gallotannin levels were higher...
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We isolated luminous bacteria from drying chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, reported by Alaska native fishermen to be 'glowing in the dark.' The salmon were harvested for subsistence use from the Yukon River, Alaska. We identified our luminous bacterial isolates as Photobacterium phosphoreum based on nutritional versatility, and 16S rDNA and luxA gene sequences. P. phosphoreum has previously only been isolated from the marine environment. We tested whether our strains, isolated from fish harvested in freshwater, represent cold-adapted, freshwater-tolerant strains of P. phosphoreum. We also analyzed lux operon composition and organization, and examined the 5' promoter region of the lux operon for shared genes and regulatory...
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"Habitat selection by calving caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) of the Central Arctic Herd, Alaska, was assessed in relation to distance from roads, vegetation type, relative plant biomass (NDVI; Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), accumulation of plant biomass during early lactation (NDVIrate), snow cover, and terrain ruggedness. From 183 calving sites of 96 radio collared- females, 1980-95, calving distribution was estimated in reference (no development) and treatment (oilfields present) zones east and west of the Sagavanirktok River, respectively. In the reference zone, caribou regularly selected wet-graminoid vegetation, above-median NDVIrate, and non-rugged terrain; concentrated calving remained in habitats...
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Hatcheries play an important role in the enhancement of Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) as a resource, but genetic and phenotypic divergence trom wild populations may occur as a result of founder effects, genetic drift and/or domestication. In this study, agonistic behavior, ability to establish dominance, and morphology were compared among juveniles of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that have experienced five generations of hatchery ranching culture, juveniles derived trom the wild founding stock, and second generation hybrids of the two lines. The parent generation of all lines was cultured in the same hatchery environment as the juveniles tested. Behavioral observations were conducted in replicate...
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In order to evaluate the impact of natural organic matter (NOM) on drinking water, the hydrology of the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed (CPCRW) was considered. The CPCRW provided an excellent opportunity to investigate contaminant transport as it relates to hydrology in a well studied, discontinuous permafrost environment. The seasonal variation of organic chemistry of three different water sources (i.e. ground water, artesian spring and stream) was studied during the course of the year 2001. This thesis comprises three chapters, each of which seeks to gain a better understanding of the contaminant transport pathways in a boreal watershed, Caribou Poker Creeks Research Watershed. The hypothesis of Chapter...
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Gynodioecy, the co-occurrence of females and hermaphrodites, is considered an intermediate step in the evolution of separate sexes in flowering plants. Highly variable female frequencies among populations suggest structuring of sex determining genes and differences in the relative fitness of females and hermaphrodites as seed parents. I investigated spatial variability in sex ratio and the effects of inbreeding on offspring quality in Silene acaulis. Female frequencies varied among populations from 0.32 to 0.69, and most were at temporal equilibrium. Females were significantly clumped within two of six populations. Females produced from 4 to 27 times as many fruits as hermaphrodites. Self-pollination of hermaphrodites...
map background search result map search result map Phytochemical comparison of Puccinellia arctica to Poa pratensis, Puccinellia langeana, and Puccinellia phryganodes for evidence of chemical defense Hepatitis B in Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophylus parryi): epidemiology and population biology Phytochemistry and chemosystematics of Artemisia arctica in Alaska The effects of climate change on the population dynamics of trumpeter swans Characteristics of the Sulukna River Spawning Population of Inconnu, Yukon River Drainage, Alaska "This is who I am": Perspectives on economics, policy, and personal identity and culture of Cook Inlet and Kenai River salmon fisheries Spatio-temporal recruitment dynamics of mountain-dwelling caribou in the Yukon Territory, Canada Characterization of permafrost development by isotopic and chemical analysis of soil cores taken from the copper river basin and an upland loess deposit in interior Alaska Breeding ecology and fasting tolerance of scaup and other ducks in the boreal forest of Alaska Habitat selection by calving caribou of the Central Arctic Herd, 1980-95 The ecological genetics of gynodioecy in Silene acaulis L. (Caryophyllaceae) : spatial sex structure and inbreeding depression Predicting contaminant transport pathways in the Caribou-Poker Creek Research Watershed Abundance and timing of summer run Chum salmon (Onchorhynchus keta) and water quality in Clear Creek-Hogatza River, northwestern Alaska Isolation and characterization of photobacterium phosphoreum from migrating Alaskan salmon Variation of agonistic behavior and morphology among juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of hatchery, wild, and hybrid origin under common rearing conditions Surface water dynamics of shallow lakes following wildfire in Boreal Alaska The migration and spawning distribution of sockeye salmon within Lake Clark, Alaska Socio-ecological drivers of resource selection and habitat use by moose in interior Alaska Seasonal thermal habitat use and bathymetric distribution of burbot in Tanada and Copper lakes, Alaska Phytochemical comparison of Puccinellia arctica to Poa pratensis, Puccinellia langeana, and Puccinellia phryganodes for evidence of chemical defense Breeding ecology and fasting tolerance of scaup and other ducks in the boreal forest of Alaska Predicting contaminant transport pathways in the Caribou-Poker Creek Research Watershed Characteristics of the Sulukna River Spawning Population of Inconnu, Yukon River Drainage, Alaska The migration and spawning distribution of sockeye salmon within Lake Clark, Alaska Hepatitis B in Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophylus parryi): epidemiology and population biology Phytochemistry and chemosystematics of Artemisia arctica in Alaska Characterization of permafrost development by isotopic and chemical analysis of soil cores taken from the copper river basin and an upland loess deposit in interior Alaska Seasonal thermal habitat use and bathymetric distribution of burbot in Tanada and Copper lakes, Alaska "This is who I am": Perspectives on economics, policy, and personal identity and culture of Cook Inlet and Kenai River salmon fisheries Abundance and timing of summer run Chum salmon (Onchorhynchus keta) and water quality in Clear Creek-Hogatza River, northwestern Alaska Habitat selection by calving caribou of the Central Arctic Herd, 1980-95 Socio-ecological drivers of resource selection and habitat use by moose in interior Alaska Surface water dynamics of shallow lakes following wildfire in Boreal Alaska The effects of climate change on the population dynamics of trumpeter swans The ecological genetics of gynodioecy in Silene acaulis L. (Caryophyllaceae) : spatial sex structure and inbreeding depression Spatio-temporal recruitment dynamics of mountain-dwelling caribou in the Yukon Territory, Canada Variation of agonistic behavior and morphology among juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of hatchery, wild, and hybrid origin under common rearing conditions Isolation and characterization of photobacterium phosphoreum from migrating Alaskan salmon