Offshore baseline for the Texas east (TXeast) coastal region generated to calculate shoreline change rates

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal change. Shoreline position is an easily understood...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Aransas Pass, Baseline, Bermuda Beach, Bolivar Peninsula, Bryan Beach, All tags... CMGP, Capien, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Crystal Beach, DSAS, Digital Shoreline Analysis System, Galveston Island, Gilchrist, Gulf of Mexico, High Island, Matagorda Island, Matagorda Peninsula, McFaddin Beach, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, North America, Palm Beach, Pirates Beach, Sabine Pass, San Jose Island, San Luis Island, Shoreline, Shoreline Change, Sunside Beach, TX, Texas, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, United States, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, environment, geoscientificInformation, oceans, Fewer tags

Offshore baseline for the Texas west (TXwest) coastal region generated to calculate shoreline change rates

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal change. Shoreline position is an easily understood...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Aransas Pass, Baseline, Brazos Santiago Pass, CMGP, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, All tags... DSAS, Digital Shoreline Analysis System, Gulf of Mexico, Mustang Island, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, North America, Padre Island, Port Aransas, Shoreline, Shoreline Change, South Padre Island, TX, Texas, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, United States, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, environment, geoscientificInformation, oceans, Fewer tags

Digital Shoreline Analysis System version 4.3 Transects with Short-Term End Point Rate Calculations for northeastern Florida (FLne)

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project (http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/), documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Accretion, Atlantic Coast, CMGP, Cape Canaveral, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, All tags... DSAS, Digital Shoreline Analysis System, End Point Rate, Erosion, FL, False Cape, Fernandina Beach, Florida, Historic Shoreline, Jacksonville Beach, Matanzas Inlet, Nassau Sound, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, North America, Ormond Beach, Saint Augustine Inlet, Shoreline, Short-Term Shoreline Change Rate, Transect, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, United States, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, environment, geoscientificInformation, oceans, Fewer tags

NCsouth

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project (http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/), documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal...

Uncertainty table for lidar-derived shorelines used when calculating rates in the Digital Shoreline Analysis System software for Mississippi

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal change. Shoreline position is an easily understood...

Types: Citation; Tags: CMGP, CSC, Cat Island, Coastal Services Center, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, All tags... DSAS, Database IV format, Digital Shoreline Analysis System, Gulf of Mexico, HWL, High Water Line, Horn Island, MHW, MS, Mean High Water, Mississippi, NOAA, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, North America, Petit Bois Island, Ship Island, Shoreline Change, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, United States, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, environment, geoscientificInformation, high water line offsets, high water line uncertainty, lidar uncertainty, oceans, proxy-datum bias, Fewer tags

Shorelines of the northeastern Florida (FLne) coastal region used in shoreline change analysis

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project (http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/), documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Atlantic Coast, CMGP, Cape Canaveral, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, DSAS, All tags... Digital Shoreline Analysis System, FL, FLDEP, False Cape, Fernandina Beach, Florida, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, HWL, High Water Line, Jacksonville Beach, MHW, Matanzas Inlet, Mean High Water, NOAA, NOS, Nassau Sound, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, North America, Ormond Beach, Saint Augustine Inlet, Shoreline, Shoreline Change, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, United States, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, environment, geoscientificInformation, oceans, Fewer tags

Shorelines of the South Carolina (SC) coastal region used in shoreline change analysis

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project (http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/), documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Atlantic Coast, Bull Island, CERC, CERC map, CMGP, All tags... Cape Romain, Capers Island, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, DSAS, Digital Shoreline Analysis System, Edisto Island, HWL, High Water Line, Hilton Head, James Island, Kiawah Island, Little River Inlet, MHW, Magnolia Beach, Mean High Water, Myrtle Beach, NOAA, NOS, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, North America, SC, Santee Point, Shoreline, Shoreline Change, South Carolina, St Helena Sound, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Geological Survey, USACE, USGS, United States, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, environment, geoscientificInformation, oceans, Fewer tags

Probability of Predicted Elevation with respect to projected sea levels for the Northeastern U.S. from Maine to Virginia for the 2020s, 2030s, 2050s and 2080s (Albers, NAD 83)

The U.S. Geological Survey has been forecasting sea-level rise impacts on the landscape to evaluate where coastal land will be available for future use. The purpose of this project is to develop a spatially explicit, probabilistic model of coastal response for the Northeastern U.S. to a variety of sea-level scenarios that take into account the variable nature of the coast and provides outputs at spatial and temporal scales suitable for decision support. Model results provide predictions of adjusted land elevation ranges (AE) with respect to forecast sea-levels, a likelihood estimate of this outcome (PAE), and a probability of coastal response (CR) characterized as either static or dynamic. The predictions span the...

Categories: Data; Tags: Atlantic City, Atlantic Ocean, Bayesian network, Boston, CMGP, All tags... Chesapeake Bay, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Connecticut, Delaware, Esri binary grid, Gridded Raster Dataset, Jersey Shore, Long Island, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New England, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Norfolk, North America, Northeast CASC, Ocean City, Sea-Level Rise and Coasts, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, United States, Virginia, WHCMSC, Water, Coasts and Ice, Wetlands, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, biota, elevation, environment, geoscientificInformation, imageryBaseMapsEarthCover, landscape change, oceans, probabilistic predictions, sea-level rise, Fewer tags

Effects of sea-level rise on barrier island groundwater system dynamics – ecohydrological implications

Abstract: We used a numerical model to investigate how a barrier island groundwater system responds to increases of up to 60 cm in sea level. We found that a sea-level rise of 20 cm leads to substantial changes in the depth of the water table and the extent and depth of saltwater intrusion, which are key determinants in the establishment, distribution and succession of vegetation assemblages and habitat suitability in barrier islands ecosystems. In our simulations, increases in water-table height in areas with a shallow depth to water (or thin vadose zone) resulted in extensive groundwater inundation of land surface and a thinning of the underlying freshwater lens. We demonstrated the interdependence of the groundwater...

Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Ecohydrology, Northeast CASC, Sea-Level Rise and Coasts, Water, Coasts and Ice, Wetlands, All tags... barrier island, groundwater, sea level rise, Fewer tags

Tidal Range Data for the Gulf of Mexico

The goal of this project is to provide a preliminary overview, at a National scale, the relative susceptibility of the Nation's coast to sea- level rise through the use of a coastal vulnerability index (CVI). This initial classification is based upon the variables geomorphology, regional coastal slope, tide range, wave height, relative sea-level rise and shoreline erosion and accretion rates. The combination of these variables and the association of these variables to each other furnish a broad overview of regions where physical changes are likely to occur due to sea-level rise.

Categories: Data; Types: ArcGIS REST Map Service, ArcGIS Service Definition, Downloadable, Map Service; Tags: Alabama, Beach, Beach Erosion, Coastal Geomorphology, Coastal Hazards, All tags... Coastal processes, Erosion, Florida, Gulf Coast, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, Hazards, Louisiana, Misissippi, Sea-Level, Sea-Level Rise, Shoreline, Shoreline Change, Slope, Texas, Tide Range, Wave Height, inundation, sea level rise, sea level trends, tides, waves, wind, Fewer tags

Offshore baseline for the Florida west (FLwest) coastal region generated to calculate shoreline change rates

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal change. Shoreline position is an easily understood...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Anclote Key, Baseline, CMGP, Clearwater, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, All tags... DSAS, Digital Shoreline Analysis System, Estero Island, FL, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, North America, Sanibel Island, Sarasota, Shoreline, Shoreline Change, St. Petersburg, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, United States, Venice, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, environment, geoscientificInformation, oceans, Fewer tags

Shorelines of the Texas east (TXeast) coastal region used in shoreline change analysis

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal change. Shoreline position is an easily understood...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Aransas Pass, Bermuda Beach, Bolivar Peninsula, Bryan Beach, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, All tags... CMGP, Capien, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Crystal Beach, DSAS, Digital Shoreline Analysis System, Galveston Island, Gilchrist, Gulf of Mexico, HWL, High Island, High Water Line, MHW, Matagorda Island, Matagorda Peninsula, McFaddin Beach, Mean High Water, NOAA, NOS, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, North America, Palm Beach, Pirates Beach, Sabine Pass, San Jose Island, San Luis Island, Shoreline, Shoreline Change, Sunside Beach, TX, Texas, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, UT BEG, United States, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, environment, geoscientificInformation, oceans, Fewer tags

Uncertainty table for lidar-derived shorelines used when calculating rates in the Digital Shoreline Analysis System software for Florida west (FLwest)

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal change. Shoreline position is an easily understood...

Types: Citation; Tags: Anclote Key, CMGP, CSC, Clearwater, Coastal Services Center, All tags... Coastal and Marine Geology Program, DSAS, Database IV format, Digital Shoreline Analysis System, Estero Island, FL, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, HWL, High Water Line, MHW, Mean High Water, NOAA, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, North America, Sanibel Island, Sarasota, Shoreline Change, St. Petersburg, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, United States, Venice, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, environment, geoscientificInformation, high water line offsets, high water line uncertainty, lidar uncertainty, oceans, proxy-datum bias, Fewer tags

Digital Shoreline Analysis System version 4.3 Transects with Short-Term End Point Rate Calculations for South Carolina (SC)

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project (http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/), documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Accretion, Atlantic Coast, Bull Island, CMGP, Cape Romain, All tags... Capers Island, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, DSAS, Digital Shoreline Analysis System, Edisto Island, End Point Rate, Erosion, Hilton Head, Historic Shoreline, James Island, Kiawah Island, Little River Inlet, Magnolia Beach, Myrtle Beach, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, North America, SC, Santee Point, Shoreline, Short-Term Shoreline Change Rate, South Carolina, St Helena Sound, Transect, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, United States, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, environment, geoscientificInformation, oceans, Fewer tags

Offshore baseline for the northern North Carolina (NCnorth) coastal region generated to calculate shoreline change rates

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project (http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/), documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Atlantic Coast, Baseline, Bodie Island, Buxton, CMGP, All tags... Cape Hatteras, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Corolla, DSAS, Digital Shoreline Analysis System, Hatteras Island, Kitty Hawk, NC, Nags Head, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, North America, North Carolina, Oregon Inlet, Outer Banks, Pea Island, Rodanthe, Shoreline, Shoreline Change, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, United States, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, environment, geoscientificInformation, oceans, Fewer tags

Shorelines of the central North Carolina (NCcentral) coastal region used in shoreline change analysis

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project (http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/), documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Atlantic Coast, CERC, CERC map, CMGP, Cape Hatteras, All tags... Cape Lookout, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, DSAS, Digital Shoreline Analysis System, Green Island, HWL, High Water Line, Horsepen Point, MHW, Mean High Water, NC, NOAA, NOS, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, North America, North Carolina, Ocracoke Inlet, Ocracoke Island, Portsmouth Island, Shoreline, Shoreline Change, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Geological Survey, USACE, USGS, United States, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, environment, geoscientificInformation, oceans, Fewer tags

TXwest

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal change. Shoreline position is an easily understood...

FLse

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project (http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/), documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal...

Digital Shoreline Analysis System version 4.3 Transects with Long-Term Linear Regression Rate Calculations for southeastern Florida (FLse)

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project (http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/), documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Accretion, Atlantic Coast, Boca Raton, CMGP, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, All tags... Cocoa Beach, DSAS, Delray Beach, Digital Shoreline Analysis System, Erosion, FL, Florida, Historic Shoreline, Hutchinson Island, Jupiter Island, Key Biscayne, Linear Regression Rate, Long-Term Shoreline Change Rate, Melbourne Beach, Miami Beach, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, North America, Orchid Island, Palm Beach, Pompano Beach, Shoreline, St Lucie Inlet, Transect, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, United States, WHCMSC, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, environment, geoscientificInformation, oceans, Fewer tags

Uncertainty table for lidar-derived shorelines used when calculating rates in the Digital Shoreline Analysis System software for western North Carolina (NCwest)

Sandy ocean beaches in the United States are popular tourist and recreational destinations and constitute some of the most valuable real estate in the country. The boundary between land and water along the coastline is often the location of concentrated residential and commercial development and is frequently exposed to a range of natural hazards, which include flooding, storm effects, and coastal erosion. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting a national assessment of coastal change hazards. One component of this research effort, the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project (http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/), documents changes in shoreline position as a proxy for coastal...

Types: Citation; Tags: Atlantic Coast, CMGP, CSC, Coastal Services Center, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, All tags... DSAS, Database IV format, Digital Shoreline Analysis System, HWL, High Water Line, Holden Beach, Little River Inlet, Lockwoods Folly, MHW, Mean High Water, NC, NOAA, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, North America, North Carolina, Oak Island, Shallotte, Shoreline Change, Southport, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, United States, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, environment, geoscientificInformation, high water line offsets, high water line uncertainty, lidar uncertainty, oceans, proxy-datum bias, Fewer tags