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Bulk chemistry of tephra from the 2008 opening of Halemaʻumaʻu crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi Methods Total element abundances in the bulk tephra samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) following a 4-acid digest at the USGS analytical laboratories in Denver, CO. Briefly, the tephra samples were digested using a mixture of hydrochloric, nitric, perchloric and hydrofluoric acids at low temperature following the methods of Crock and otheres (1983). The resultant fluid was aspirated into a 42-element ICP-MS for analysis following the analytical procedure of Briggs and Meier (2002). USGS geochemical reference materials BIR-1, BCR-1, and BHVO-1 were analyzed before and after Kilauea tephra samples for data quality control. Kīlauea sample A7-0641 was analyzed as an analytical... Categories: Data Volcanic ash geochemistry and leachate analyses from the 2008 opening of Halemaʻumaʻu crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi On March 19, 2008, an explosive eruption occurred at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano for the first time since 1924. This event marked the beginning of a continuous summit eruption that lasted until the 2018 Kīlauea lower East Rift Zone eruption (Neal and others, 2019). The March 19 explosive eruption excavated a crater approximately 35 meters wide and scattered volcanic tephra over a 30-hectare area. Only non-juvenile tephra was erupted on March 19 (Houghton and others, 2011). Two subsequent, minor explosions occurred on April 9 and April 16, 2008. These two explosions were dominated by lithic material though did also include some juvenile tephra. Tephra was produced continuously after the initial March 19 eruption... Categories: Data; Types: Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, OGC WMS Service; Tags: Environmental Health, Geochemistry, Island of Hawaiʻi, Kīlauea, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), All tags... Volcanology, Fewer tags Particle size distributions for tephra from the 2008 opening of Halemaʻumaʻu crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi Methods Particle size distributions were determined by laser diffraction analysis using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 Laser Particle Size analyzer at the USGS analytical facilities in in Denver, CO. Ash samples were dried (105 °C), re-sieved at 2 mm (no samples contained material >2 mm), and split in half using a small volume chute splitter for duplicate analyses. Prior to analysis by laser diffraction, sodium-hexametaphosphate was added to each sample and the samples were placed on a shaker table for 4 hours to aid in particle de-flocculation. Each sample was introduced into an aqueous medium and pumped through the laser analyzer for grain size measurements. Data are reported as a volume percent. Categories: Data Mineralogy of tephra from the 2008 opening of Halemaʻumaʻu crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi Methods Qualitative mineral determinations were made by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at the USGS analytical laboratories in Denver, CO. Bulk tephra samples were powdered and run on either a Scintag X-1 diffractometer with Bragg Brentano geometry, theta-theta motion with a Scintag Peltier cooled energy dispersive detector set to collect K alpha radiation or a Shimadzu XRD-6000 diffractometer using Cu radiation with Bragg Brentano geometry, theta-2-theta motion with a Scintillation detector. Samples were scanned from 4–65 °2θ (Shimadzu) or 5–90 °2θ (Scintag) with a step size of 0.02. Due to the high amorphous content in the ash samples, the scan parameters were adjusted to improve signal to noise ratio. Mineral Data Inc.... Categories: Data Sulfur isotopes for tephra from the 2008 opening of Halemaʻumaʻu crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi Methods The isotopic ratio 34S/32S for soluble sulfur was determined by elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) at the USGS analytical laboratories in Denver, CO. Samples were analyzed following established methods (Johnson and others, 2018) on a Thermo Scientific Flash 2000 elemental analyzer coupled to a Thermo Scientific Delta Plus XP IRMS via a Thermo Scientific ConFlo III open-split interface. Data for δ34S are reported as parts per thousand, or per mil (‰). References Johnson, C.A., Stricker, C.A., Gulbransen, C.A., and Emmons, M.P., 2018. Determination of δ13C, δ15N, or δ34S by isotope-ratio-monitoring mass spectrometry using an elemental analyzer. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and... Categories: Data Leachate chemistry of tephra from the 2008 opening of Halemaʻumaʻu crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi Methods Leachate analyses were performed at the USGS analytical laboratories in Denver, CO, following the method of Hageman (2007). This leach test uses deionized water as the leachate. Briefly, one-part ash was added to 20 parts deionized and distilled water by weight (1:20) and the mixture agitated for five minutes. Unfiltered sub-samples of the leachates were measured for pH and specific conductance. Filtered (0.45 micrometer pore-size nitrocellulose filter) sub-samples of the leachates were used for chemical analysis. Concentrations of fluoride, sulfate, chloride, and nitrate were quantified by Ion Chromatography. Concentrations of major cations and trace elements were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma... Categories: Data