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In the 1990s, urban land in Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana increased by about 10 percent. Currently, Ohio and Illinois are among the 10 most populous states in the nation, while Indiana is 16th. Over 31 million people live in these three states. Large cities such as Chicago, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, and Cleveland, as well as the suburban sprawl throughout the region, have created large areas of impervious surfaces and urban pollution near the rivers and lakes. These factors are known to degrade fish habitat by changing water flow (hydrology) and by adding excessive amounts of nutrients, pollutants and sediment into the waters in this region.
Assembling data Data on stream fishes were provided for use in the 2015 assessment from many federal and state agencies and organizations from around the country. For a list of data providers, see Table 2. Due to the cooperation and support of multiple data providers, the 2015 assessment used stream fish assemblage data from 39,405 stream reaches as compared to 26,468 stream reaches in 2010 assessment. Data now reflects abundances of different fish species found in streams throughout the conterminous United States. Besides fish data, many different human (anthropogenic) landscape factors were assembled and used to characterize habitat condition. These factors include: urban and agricultural land use; intensity...
The Shortnose Sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum), the smallest of the three sturgeon species that occur in the eastern United States, requires clean rock or rubble above the head of tide for spawning. It has suffered from the construction of dams in the region. This species migrates upriver from lower reaches of river systems or from upper estuary areas to spawn, but has been blocked from reaching spawning areas by dams. Other spawning habitat has been impaired by water flow changes from water withdrawals and dam operations, particularly peaking power operations. Sturgeon species, in general, are very sensitive to changes from the natural water flow conditions.
Northern Plains States Fish Habitat Partnerships’ 2010 - 2015 Actions to Make a Difference Partnerships - Reservoir Fisheries Habitat Partnership, Great Lakes Basin Fish Habitat Partnership, Midwest Glacial Lakes Partnership, and Fishers and Farmers Partnership Provided funding for restoration of 2,825 feet of shoreline habitat, 932 feet of wetlands, and 2.5 acres of cove habitat in Custer County, Nebraska. Partners installed 25 rock piles, 26 tree reefs, and 26 shoals. Removed 58,810 cubic yards of bottom sediments from Arnold Lake, Nebraska. For more about specific waters and projects the Northern Plains States Fish Habitat Partnerships are working on, please see the following locations: New Life for Aging...
Assembling data Many different human landscape factors were assembled and used to characterize condition of Alaska stream fish habitat (Table 3). Factors include: urban and agricultural land uses; density of point sources of pollution in catchments; measures of stream network fragmentation, including densities of dams and culverts; density of infrastructure (road length, pipelines, etc.) and locations of mines. The availability of some landscape factors varied between southeast Alaska and greater Alaska (see Table 3). Some important threats to fish and fish habitats could not be incorporated into the assessment due to data availability limitations (one example includes forest harvest information across the entire...
A. Pervasive disturbances: The most common disturbances based on total stream length in a given region. Top five overall most pervasive disturbances to all stream reaches, regardless of stream size and across all spatial scales (ranked highest first): Impervious surface cover Total anthropogenic sediment yield Upstream dam density Industrial water withdrawal High intensity urban land use Top three most pervasive disturbances to creeks (watersheds <100 km 2 in area) across all spatial scales: Total anthropogenic (human caused) sediment yield Impervious surface cover Industrial water withdrawal Top three most pervasive disturbances to rivers (watersheds >100 km 2 in area) across all spatial scales : Road...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
PacificCoastRegion,
PacificCoastStates,
PervasiveSevere
The Desert Pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius) is a Federally listed endangered species found in shallow waters of rare desert springs, small streams, and marshes. The typical habitat includes clear water with aquatic plants or algae. These are difficult habitats for fish as they have high salinity water, high water temperatures, and low oxygen concentrations. Decline of the Desert Pupfish has been associated with dam construction, water diversions, groundwater pumping, pesticide drift, and encroachment of non-native vegetation such as Tamarix, also known as Salt Cedar. Salt Cedar can alter riparian habitats and the subsequent shading and roots can alter aquatic habitats.
After acquiring data, variables were attributed to a stream coverage for use in assessment following Wang et al. (2011). The Hawaii Fish Habitat Partnership (HFHP) stream layer (Tingley et al. in prep) is a modified version of the 1:24,000 National Hydrography Dataset that consists of 11,436 intermittent and perennial stream reaches across the five largest Hawaiian Islands (Hawai’i, Maui, Moloka’i, O’ahu, Kaua’i). The HFHP stream layer distinguishes stream reaches as sections of streams occurring between confluences, headwaters and confluences, and confluences and pour points, following the definition of stream reaches in the contiguous United States. Each reach has an associated local catchment (watershed), upstream...
Major population centers exist on most of the islands, particularly on O’ahu which has a densely populated urban core. Urban sprawl increased by 76,000 acres from 1982 to 2012, which equals about two percent of Hawaii’s land mass. Urbanization results in physical loss of aquatic habitat as well as polluted runoff and altered hydrology. The Hawaiian Department of Health in 2015 listed sediment, nutrients, and bacteria as the most common threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health and that the vast majority of impaired sites are marine areas. Development contributes excessive sedimentation through improperly constructed roads and drainage systems, poor construction practices, and to nutrient loading through landscape...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
Hawaii,
HawaiiRegion,
HumanActivity,
UrbanLandUse
A.Pervasive disturbances: The most common disturbances based on total stream length in a given region. Top five overall most pervasive disturbances to all stream reaches, regardless of stream size and across all spatial scales (ranked highest first): Impervious surface Road crossing density Road length density Downstream dam density Crop land use Top five most pervasive disturbances, specific to spatial scale: Road crossing density in network catchments Road length density in network catchments Impervious surface cover in network catchments Downstream dam density in network catchments Impervious surface cover in network buffers In the Mountain state group, 76.6% of streams are classified as low or very low...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
MountainRegion,
MountainStates,
PervasiveSevere
Wheat and corn are the two most commonly grown crops in Kansas and Oklahoma and zones with a high risk of habitat degradation in eastern Kansas and Oklahoma correspond to areas of these and other row crops. Texas grew 6.2 million acres of cotton in 2014-15 predominately in the panhandle region, which was projected to be at high risk of fish habitat deterioration. Nutrient runoff from crop fields from all southern plains states not only affects local streams but eventually ends up in estuaries and the Gulf of Mexico. This high-nutrient runoff contributes to a low oxygen dead zone which annually averages over 5,000 square miles in size in the northern Gulf of Mexico and causes fish kills.
Assessment Results for Rivers and Streams of the Southwestern States A. Pervasive disturbances: The most common disturbances based on total stream length in a given region. Top five overall most pervasive disturbances to all stream reaches, regardless of stream size and across all spatial scales (ranked highest first): Road crossing density Road length density Impervious surface Downstream dam density Population density Top three most pervasive disturbances to creeks (watersheds <100 km 2 in area) across all spatial scales: Road crossing density Road length density Impervious surface Top three most pervasive disturbances to rivers (watersheds >100 km 2 in area) across all spatial scales : Road crossing...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
PervasiveSevere,
SouthwesternRegion,
SouthwesternStates
The northeast is one of the most urbanized areas in the country, with a high percentage of impervious surfaces in some of its watersheds. These impervious surfaces alter the water flow (hydrology) of streams and increase sedimentation, nutrient loading, and pollution in rivers, lakes, and bays. Urbanization also results in the direct loss of fish habitat as wetlands are filled, streams diverted, and channels dredged. The effects of urbanization are apparent in the greater New York City area, Boston, Westchester-Springfield, Providence, and Buffalo-Rochester. However, increasing suburban sprawl also has a significant negative affect on aquatic habitats. From 1982 to 2012, developed land increased by almost three...
The Alabama Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus suttkusi) has suffered from habitat loss and fragmentation caused by dredging for navigation, peaking hydropower projects, and dam construction. This species requires clean hard substrate with stable daily flows for spawning, and needs connected river reaches for long-distance spawning migrations. Both of these needs have been disrupted by human activities in their range. This fish has disappeared from about 85 percent of its historic range in the Alabama and Tombigbee River systems. The Alabama Sturgeon was placed on the endangered species list in 2000.
The approach for identifying disturbances to fish habitat was based on the assumption that greater intensities and types of human disturbances would most likely lead to more disturbed stream fish habitat (e.g., Danz et al. 2007, Esselman 2011). Twenty human landscape variables were identified for the Hawaii assessment (Table 2). We grouped variables into seven categories representing specific types of disturbances including: agricultural land use, urban land use, former plantation lands, point source pollution, density of ditches, stream fragmentation, and 303d listed streams. Disturbance sub-indices were then created for each category of disturbance variables for each spatial scale (i.e., local catchments, network...
The Redside Dace (Clinostomus elongatus) prefers small to medium, cool, clear, rubble- and gravel-bottomed streams. This type of habitat in streams is disappearing in parts of the region because of excessive sedimentation, altered water flows, and nutrient inputs from farming, mining, and urban development.
The Pinewoods Darter (Etheostoma mariae) is native to the Little Peedee River system in the Carolina Sandhills area where it is found in smaller, swift-flowing creeks with gravel bottoms and vegetation. This area is becoming increasingly altered by residential development, agriculture, lumbering, and damming of headwater streams, typically for golf course development. Additionally, the reintroduction and rapid expansion of beavers in this drainage is converting some of the critical flowing streams to small impoundments.
The Northern Madtom (Noturus stigmosus) is a small member of the catfish family that requires fast currents and complex rocky habitat. It faces a host of habitat threats including competition with invasive species, climate change, siltation, loss of habitat, excessive turbidity, and poor water quality. Channelization of small streams in this region is a significant threat to this species.
The Pallid Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) once ranged throughout the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers and requires moderate to swift rivers with both sand and rock substrates. This long-lived species, often living more than 50 years and growing to 90 pounds, requires un-fragmented river reaches to complete its life history. River channelization, bank stabilization, impoundments, and altered flow regimes have all negatively affected this species, which is listed under the Federal Endangered Species Act. The presence of multiple large dams on the Missouri River has truncated the distance the larvae can be free-floating and may cause them to settle out in the reservoirs and perish. Adult Pallid Sturgeon are not able...
Oil and gas exploration was not evaluated as a stressor variable in the 2015 assessment, but this practice obviously can affect Gulf habitats. With 45 percent of the nation’s petroleum refining capacity, the Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important regions for oil and gas production in the United States. Offshore oil production in the Gulf of Mexico accounts for 17 percent of total U.S. crude oil production and production is expected to increase in 2017. The federal Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement reported that from 2007 to 2014, an average of ten oil spills releasing more than 50 barrels was reported per year just on the Outer Continental Shelf. Obviously, the worst incident was the Deepwater...
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