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ROOT _ScienceBase Catalog __National and Regional Climate Adaptation Science Centers ___Alaska CASC ____FY 2011 Projects _____Assessing Links between Glaciers and the Northern Pacific Coastal Temperate Rainforest Ecosystem Filters
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Abstract: P-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data at 5 m resolution from Kahiltna Glacier, the largest glacier in the Alaska Range, Alaska, USA, show pronounced spatial variation in penetration depth, δ P. We obtained δ P by differencing X- and P-band digital elevation models. δ P varied significantly over the glacier, but it was possible to distinguish representative zones. In the accumulation area, δ P decreased with decreasing elevation from 18±3 m in the percolation zone to 10±4 m in the wet snow zone. In the central portion of the ablation area, a location free of debris and crevasses, we identified a zone of very high δ P (34±4 m) which decreased at lower elevations (23±3 m in bare ice...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Forests,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Kahiltna Glacier,
Landscapes,
Abstract (from: http://www.igsoc.org/journal/60/221/j13J176.html): The Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) is a globally complete collection of digital outlines of glaciers, excluding the ice sheets, developed to meet the needs of the Fifth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for estimates of past and future mass balance. The RGI was created with limited resources in a short period. Priority was given to completeness of coverage, but a limited, uniform set of attributes is attached to each of the ~198 000 glaciers in its latest version, 3.2. Satellite imagery from 1999–2010 provided most of the outlines. Their total extent is estimated as 726 800 +/- 34 000 km2. The uncertainty, about +/-...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Antarctic glaciology,
Arctic glaciology,
Forests,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Streamwater dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations are driven by interacting physical and biotic parameters. Future DO depletion events in small, coastal salmon streams are therefore likely to be driven by changes in hydrology in addition to atmospheric warming. We measured DO, temperature, discharge and spawning salmon abundance in upstream (reference reach) and downstream salmon bearing reaches of four streams in southeast Alaska to determine how multiple physical and biotic factors interact to control streamwater DO. Stream temperature ranged from 5.1 to 15.8 °C and fell within the optimum range that is considered favorable for salmon physiology. Concentrations of DO ranged from 2.8 to 12.3 mg/L, with concentrations...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Forests,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Landscapes,
Sea-Level Rise and Coasts,
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Forests,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Landscapes,
Sea-Level Rise and Coasts,
Abstract (from Biogeochemistry): Climate change is melting glaciers and altering watershed biogeochemistry across the globe, particularly in regions dominated by mountain glaciers, such as southeast Alaska. Glacier dominated watersheds exhibit distinct dissolved organic matter (DOM) characteristics compared to forested and vegetated watersheds. However, there is a paucity of information on how stream DOM composition changes as glaciers retreat and terrestrial ecosystem succession ensues. Importantly, it is unclear over what timescales these transformations occur. Here, we used bulk, isotopic and ultrahigh resolution molecular-level techniques to assess how streamwater DOM composition evolves in response to glacier...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation
Abstract (from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0132652): Climate warming is likely to cause both indirect and direct impacts on the biophysical properties of stream ecosystems especially in regions that support societally important fish species such as Pacific salmon. We studied the seasonal variability and interaction between stream temperature and DO in a low-gradient, forested stream and a glacial-fed stream in coastal southeast Alaska to assess how these key physical parameters impact freshwater habitat quality for salmon. We also use multiple regression analysis to evaluate how discharge and air temperature influence the seasonal patterns in stream temperature and DO. Mean daily...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska,
Alaska CASC,
Forests,
Glaciers,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Abstract: We present a high-resolution Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mascon solution for Gulf of Alaska (GOA) glaciers and compare this with in situ glaciological, climate and other remote-sensing observations. Our GRACE solution yields a GOA glacier mass balance of - 65 ± 11 Gt a - 1 for the period December 2003 to December 2010, with summer balances driving the interannual variability. Between October/November 2003 and October 2009 we obtain a mass balance of - 61 ± 11 Gt a - 1 from GRACE, which compares well with - 65 ± 12 Gt a - 1 from ICESat based on hypsometric extrapolation of glacier elevation changes. We find that mean summer (June - August) air temperatures derived from both ground and...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Forests,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE),
Gulf of Alaska,
Abstract (from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JC010395/full): A study of the freshwater discharge into the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) has been carried out. Using available streamgage data, regression equations were developed for monthly flows. These equations express discharge as a function of basin physical characteristics such as area, mean elevation, and land cover, and of basin meteorological characteristics such as temperature, precipitation, and accumulated water year precipitation. To provide the necessary input meteorological data, temperature and precipitation data for a 40 year hind-cast period were developed on high-spatial-resolution grids using weather station data, PRISM climatologies, and...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Forests,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Gulf of Alaska,
Landscapes,
Abstract (from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10021-014-9777-1): The Coast Mountains of southeast Alaska are currently experiencing some of the highest rates of glacier volume loss on Earth, with unknown implications for proglacial stream biogeochemistry. We analyzed streamwater for δ18O and dissolved organic matter (DOM) biogeochemistry (concentration, δ13C-dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and fluorescence characterization) during the 2012 glacial runoff season from three coastal watersheds in southeast Alaska that ranged in glacier coverage from 0 to 49% and a glacier outflow stream. Our goal was to assess how DOM biogeochemistry may change as receding glaciers are replaced by forests and glaciers contribute...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Forests,
Glacier Change,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Landscapes,
This publication is a product from the 2011 Alaska CSC supported project "Assessing the Sensitivity of Alaska’s Coastal Rainforest Ecosystems to Changes in Glacier Runoff". Abstract from paper: Iceberg calving is known to release substantial seismic energy, but little is known about the specific mechanisms that produce calving icequakes. At Yahtse Glacier, a tidewater glacier on the Gulf of Alaska, we draw upon a local network of seismometers and focus on 80 hours of concurrent, direct observation of the terminus to show that calving is the dominant source of seismicity. To elucidate seismogenic mechanisms, we synchronized video and seismograms to reveal that the majority of seismic energy is produced during...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Forests,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Gulf of Alaska,
Iceberg calving,
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Forests,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Landscapes,
Sea-Level Rise and Coasts,
During the summer in the northeast Pacific Ocean, the Alaska Coastal Current sweeps water with temperatures in excess of 12 °C past the mouths of glacierized fjords and bays. The extent to which these warm waters affect the mass balance of Alaskan tidewater glaciers is uncertain. Here we report hydrographic measurements made within Icy Bay, Alaska, and calculate rates of submarine melt at Yahtse Glacier, a tidewater glacier terminating in Icy Bay. We find strongly stratified water properties consistent with estuarine circulation and evidence that warm Gulf of Alaska water reaches the head of 40 km - long Icy Bay, largely unaltered. A 10 - 20 m layer of cold, fresh, glacially-modified water overlies warm, saline...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Alaska Coastal Current,
Forests,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Gulf of Alaska,
Abstract: We measured stream temperature continuously during the 2011 summer run-off season (May through October) in nine watersheds of Southeast Alaska that provide spawning habitat for Pacific salmon. The nine watersheds have glacier coverage ranging from 0% to 63%. Our goal was to determine how air temperature and watershed land cover, particularly glacier coverage, influence stream temperature across the seasonal glacial meltwater hydrograph. Multiple linear regression models identified mean watershed elevation (related to glacier extent) and watershed lake coverage (%) as the strongest landscape controls on mean monthly stream temperature, with the weakest (May) and strongest (July) models explaining 86% and...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Forests,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Landscapes,
Pacific salmon,
Abstract (from http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/9/5/055005): Glacier ecosystems are a significant source of bioavailable, yet ancient dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Characterizing DOC in Mendenhall Glacier outflow (southeast Alaska) we document a seasonal persistence to the radiocarbon-depleted signature of DOC, highlighting ancient DOC as a ubiquitous feature of glacier outflow. We observed no systematic depletion in Δ 14 C-DOC with increasing discharge during the melt season that would suggest mobilization of an aged subglacial carbon store. However, DOC concentration, δ 13 C-DOC, Δ 14 C-DOC and fluorescence signatures appear to have been influenced by runoff from vegetated hillslopes above the glacier...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC),
Forests,
Glacier Runoff,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Abstract: We examine long-term streamflow and mass balance data from two Alaskan glaciers located in climatically distinct basins: Gulkana Glacier, a continental glacier located in the Alaska Range, and Wolverine Glacier, a maritime glacier located in the Kenai Mountains. Over the 1966–2011 study interval, both glaciers lost mass, primarily as a result of summer warming, and streamflow increased in both basins. We estimate total glacier runoff via summer mass balance and quantify the fraction of runoff related to annual mass imbalances. In both climates, annual (net) mass balance contributes, on average, less than 20 % of total streamflow, substantially less than the fraction related to summer mass loss (>50 %),...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Alaska Range,
Forests,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Gulkana Glacier,
Abstract (from http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.5b02685): Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) plays a fundamental role in the biogeochemistry of glacier ecosystems. However, the specific sources of glacier DOC remain unresolved. To assess the origin and nature of glacier DOC, we collected snow from 10 locations along a transect across the Juneau Icefield, Alaska extending from the coast toward the interior. The Δ14C-DOC of snow varied from −743 to −420‰ showing progressive depletion across the Icefield as δ18O of water became more depleted (R2 = 0.56). Older DOC corresponded to lower DOC concentrations in snow ( R2 = 0.31) and a decrease in percent humic-like fluorescence ( R2 = 0.36), indicating an overall...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Carbon,
Forests,
Glaciers,
Glaciers and Permafrost,
Abstract (from http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo2290.html): Over the next century, one of the largest contributions to sea level rise will come from ice sheets and glaciers calving ice into the ocean. Factors controlling the rapid and nonlinear variations in calving fluxes are poorly understood, and therefore difficult to include in prognostic climate-forced land-ice models. Here we analyse globally distributed calving data sets from Svalbard, Alaska (USA), Greenland and Antarctica in combination with simulations from a first-principles, particle-based numerical calving model to investigate the size and inter-event time of calving events. We find that calving events triggered by the brittle...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Alaska CASC,
Forests,
Glacier Calving,
Glacier Melt,
Glaciers,
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