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A depth-integrated finite-element model (RMA-2V) was applied on a section of the Upper Mississippi River to study the hydraulic characteristics of the floodplain-river system. The area that has been modeled is called "Montrose Flats." Aquatic vegetation is abundant at this location, and the flow structure needs to be evaluated in order to study the nutrient transport conditions within this area. The present study focused on a large oval eddy that was observed to form in this area near the downstream end of the Devil's Creek delta. Causative factors for this eddy were examined by using this numerical model. Results indicate that the eddy can be simulated by this model and that numerical study is a feasible way to...
Hydraulic functions of retention devices in natural large rivers have been studied. An evaluation of detention devices formed due to side channels, islands, backwaters, and stump fields within the Upper Mississippi Pools has shown that these are quite significant and in some cases these detention areas within the channel borders can occupy as much as 75 to 93% of the total surface area. A large eddy on the order of the width of the Mississippi River in Pool 19 is used to illustrate the travel time in the hydraulic retention areas.
Movement of recreational boats in a waterway such as the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) may generate waves of sufficient degree to impact the river biota and the stability of the shorelines. A research project aiming to determine the characteristics of waves generated by recreational craft within the UMPS has been completed, and this is the first of a two-part paper that presents results. Part II presents the results of uncontrolled movement. To meet the objectives of the project, 246 controlled runs were made with 12 different boats at two sites, one on the Illinois River and the other on the Mississippi River. Data from this study indicated that recreational boats can generate from 4 to 40 waves per event,...
The longitudinal and transverse components of flow velocity, as well as the normal and tangential stresses, must be expected to fluctuate with time and space when flow at a high Reynolds number moves between fixed boundaries. Although these nonperiodic fluctuations are generally secondary in magnitude compared to the mean motion, they have profound effects on properties of the primary mean motion. Scientists from the Illinois State Water Survey are involved in collecting and analyzing detailed velocity data from the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers using 2-D electromagnetic current meters. The goal of the present research is to understand and evaluate the turbulent structure in natural river systems, especially near...
The Mississippi River System, including the Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri Rivers, has been modified for use by commercial traffic. Tows with barges, including those transporting to the Great Lakes System, are used to transport commodities up and down the river. Barges moving on the Mississippi River System normally have a draft of 9 feet, a width of 35 feet, and a length of 195 feet. Usually barge configuration on the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) consists of a system of 5 barges tied together and moving 3 abreast. This results in a planform surface area of 975 square feet. Average speed of the barges varies from about 3.5 mph to about 11 mph. Research was conducted on the UMRS to determine the physical impacts...
This paper presents the research results of statistical parameters associated with turbulence in a natural river caused by the movement of navigation traffic. Movement of navigation traffic within restricted inland waterways, such as the Illinois, Mississippi, or Ohio Rivers, changes their flow characteristics temporarily in space and time. These spatial and temporal changes must be quantified in order to assess their efforts on biologically sensitive areas, and they have seldom been evaluated for natural waterways. Data are collected from the Illinois River to evaluate these changes. The longitudinal and lateral components of fluctuating velocity, Reynolds stress, turbulent intensities, turbulent kinetic energy,...
Movement of river traffic such as tows, barges, or recreational craft in navigable rivers and streams can temporarily alter the hydraulic characteristics of the river cross section. These changes may include bow, stern, or transverse waves; resuspension of bed sediments; changes in velocity structures either in close proximity to the moving vessel or within the water body; altered flow direction; and transport of sediment and water into side channels, sloughs, or backwater lakes. Research is being conducted at the Illinois State Water Survey to determine and evaluate the changes that may accompany the movement of river traffic within the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS). The UMRS extends from Cairo, Illinois,...
The 1993 Flood on the Upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers is now considered the largest flooding event on these river basins. Not only were many miles of the rivers flooded, but there was also a significant amount of flooding to the interior of the country. More than 420 counties in all the midwestern states were declared disaster areas. Stages were exceeded many locations, hundreds of levees either failed or were overtopped, more than 500 scour holes developed, the rivers scoured their beds at numerous locations, sediments were deposited at many other locations, and the rivers attempted to create new channels and/or cutoffs during the peak periods. This paper is not intended to summarize the various factors associated...
An analysis of the morphological changes of Pool 19 on the Mississippi River has been made. The pool lost about 55% of its original capacity by 1980, and it is estimated that by the 2050s it will have lost about 80% of its capacity, when it may attain a dynamic volumetric equilibrium. At that time, the pool will behave more like a deeply incised river than like a lake. The pooling action of the river has also accelerated the formation of islands and deltas, especially at the mouths of tributaries. These tributary mouths are now behaving similarly to tributaries in a coastal environment. The morphological change on this pool is progressing through a predictable pattern, and it is believed that similar pools on other...
This paper examines the characteristics of waves and drawdown generated by barge traffic in inland waterways. The analysis was made on the basis of field data for 77 events collected from several sites along the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. To illustrate the range of variations in waves and drawdown in the inland waterways, three case studies were selected. A synchronized comparison between waves and drawdown, local velocity, and turbidity level at the nearshore zone is also presented.
Construction of locks and dams along the Illinois River, especially in the reach extending from Grafton to the Lake DePue area, has created a large number of backwater areas within the main floodplains of the river. These backwater areas are called backwater lakes, and they are subject to natural variations in water depths and sediment deposition. Moreover, over the last 100 years or so all the river basins in Illinois have been subjected to intense human activities and alterations. As a result of these natural and human interventions, the Illinois River valley has experienced a tremendous amount of sediment deposition in recent years. Many of the 53 or so backwater lakes along this river have lost 30% to 100% of...
Turbulent characteristics of flow velocity in a natural river were systematically analyzed in this study. Flow velocities were measured with time at six different lateral locations and at three different vertical elevations on a major navigable waterway in the United States. Analyses of the velocity data include the cross-sectional and vertical distributions of longitudinal and transverse velocity components (u, v), the fluctuating velocity components (u1, v1) and their frequency-distribution curves, turbulent intensities (�x'�y), and turbulent shear stress (scientific formula not reproduced). These analyses have shown that the strongest velocity fluctuation occurs near the main channel area above the river bed.
The Mississippi, Illinois, Ohio, and Missouri Rivers are used extensively for the transport of goods and commodities, as well as for recreational activities. The Upper Mississippi River System, extending from its confluence with the Ohio River to its headwaters near St. Paul, Minnesota, is used extensively by commercial barge traffic with typical configurations of about 32.1 by about 335.5 meters in plan form, with a draft of 2.74 m. A barge convoy such as this can move up and down the river at speeds from about 1.35 to 4.4 meters per second. Movement of such a body through a river whose cross section in low-flow conditions can be as little as 275 by 3 to 4 m creates significant disturbances of the river environment....
The modern-day lower Illinois River flows within a greatly oversized valley formed by an old course of the Mississippi River and glacial outwash events. As a result, the section of the Illinois from its mouth near Grafton to Henry, Illinois is characterized as a low-gradient, aggrading bed stream with large backwater areas. Sedimentation in the river threatens to convert the system from one of river/backwater areas to one of channel/marshes. The sediment budget of Peoria Lake, a major backwater lake along the river, includes input and output through the Illinois River and inputs from several small direct tributaries. Results after two-year monitoring of these small tributaries indicate that they are a significant...
Erosion and sedimentation are natural processes that cannot be stopped or eliminated entirely. Both processes have been accelerated by human intervention. According to the Illinois State Water Plan Task Force report published in 1984, erosion and sedimentation is the major critical issue in water resources facing the State of Illinois. The Illinois River basin drains about 44 percent of the State of Illinois. Most backwater lakes along the Illinois River have lost about 72 percent of their original capacity, and sediment has already filled in some of these lakes. This excessive rate of sedimentation has reduced the ecological and recreational value of most lakes along the river, making sedimentation the most difficult...
The hydrodynamic characteristics of large rivers differ from those observed in smaller streams. Large rivers by nature carry substantially larger volumes of water, and their flow more closely resembles a two-dimensional pattern than does the flow of small streams. Ambient flow patterns of large rivers can be altered at least temporarily by external disturbances created by the movement of large-scale navigation traffic. Within the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS), consisting of about 2,100 kilometers (km) including the Illinois River, navigation traffic with a geometric configuration of about 32 meters (m) by 297 m and a draft of 2.74 m can move up and down the river at speeds ranging from 0.03 to 4 or 5 meters/second...
Movement of navigation traffic such as barge tows within a restricted inland waterway such as the Illinois, Mississippi, or Ohio Rivers can and will alter the flow field in and around the moving vessel. These changes in the flow field will include altered velocity distributions, increase and/or decrease in the pressure field, and a directional change of the flow within the zones of return flows. Normally, as a barge-tow configuration of about 105 feet by 1,100 feet in surface area and a 9-foot draft moves within a river cross section of about 800 feet by 12 feet, significant changes on the flow field occur. River traffic such as this can also generate waves and drawdown, which sometimes range from a few inches to...
This report summarizes the results of a two-year study on the determination of the input of sediment to Peoria Lake from its local tributaries. Ten local tributaries were monitored to determine the flow of sediment and water. Long- term average deposition of coarse material at the mouths of these tributaries was estimated as bed load based on the progression of the deltas at the base of the tributaries. Sediment inflow to Peoria Lake from the Illinois River was determined based on the estimated sediment load at the Henry gaging station. Water year 1989 (WY89) was essentially a dry year and WY90 was average. The present analyses have shown that about 1.2 million tons of sediment flowed into Peoria Lake in WY89 and...
The Illinois River valley has experienced a tremendous amount of sediment deposition in recent years. Many of the 53 or so backwater lakes along this major river have lost 30 to 100% of their capacity to sediment deposition. Peoria Lake, a bottomland lake, has lost 68% of its 1903 capacity, and upper Peoria Lake will eventually attain the appearance of an incised river with broad and shallow wetlands on both sides. On the average about 18.7 million metric tons of sediment is deposited annually over the entire river valley, with a deposition rate of 20.5-53.3 mm yr-1. Recently implemented nonpoint source pollution control measures are showing their impacts on the receiving bodies of water through substantially lower...
Human interventions have altered almost all the river systems of the world. These interventions include channelization, alteration of stream courses, construction of levees, building of drainage channels, construction of dams and locks, installation of river training works, flow diversions, changes in land use, and many more. River systems respond to such changes through changes in flow, stages, gradients, or sediment supplies and through attempts to attain a new dynamic equilibrium suitable to the changed conditions. However, the time frame for obtaining a new dynamic equilibrium in response to an altered regimen ranges from a few years to decades or more. There are numerous examples of such alterations of large...
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