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Turbulent characteristics of flow velocity in a natural river were systematically analyzed in this study. Flow velocities were measured with time at six different lateral locations and at three different vertical elevations on a major navigable waterway in the United States. Analyses of the velocity data include the cross-sectional and vertical distributions of longitudinal and transverse velocity components (u, v), the fluctuating velocity components (u1, v1) and their frequency-distribution curves, turbulent intensities (�x'�y), and turbulent shear stress (scientific formula not reproduced). These analyses have shown that the strongest velocity fluctuation occurs near the main channel area above the river bed.
I studied widespread strandings of unionid mussels in normally terrestrial habitats, which were inundated during Mississippi River flood of 1993. Stranded mussels included three species - Anodonta grandis, Potamilus ohiensis, and Leptodea fragilis. Anodonta grandis and P. ohiensis became stranded more often than would be expected if all species from possible source areas had equal chances to become stranded. Furthermore, stranded A. grandis had smaller shell lengths than those from the nearest source area. This suggested that the strandings were not random in relation to species or to size cohorts of one particular species. Specific gravity was determined for 15 species of unionid mussels. The three species found...
Using the personal computer-based geographic information systems software ArcView, a graphical application has been developed to spatially query the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) component database and to display the selected data in conjunction with other spatial data for viewing, plotting, and analysis. One of the important features of the LTRMP Decision Support System - Component Database Module is the ability to define an area spatially, then extract the LTRMP trend data for that area. Selected information can be summarized within ArcView, or exported in a format compatible with statistical analysis programs.
The Stereo Zoom Transfer Scope is used to create ASCII file "coverages" by digitizing directly from stereo pairs of interpreted aerial photos. This is accomplished by removing all parallax error along the flight line and referencing the photos to the Earth's surface with control points acquired using differentially corrected Global Positioning System data. The ASCII files are then converted to an ARC/INFO format, where they can be generated into a digital coverage, edited, labeled, and archived.
This document was designed for individuals experienced in using the geographic information system Environmental Planning and Programming Language version 7 (EPPL7) and/or Fish and Wildlife Application (FWA) interface. The report provides experienced users with background information to install and subset the data. No attempt has been made to instruct individuals unfamiliar with these programs in their use or capabilities.
An electrofishing efficiency study was conducted on Navigation Pool 13 of the Upper Mississippi River to determine the effects of four pulse rate and duty cycle combinations on electrofishing catch rate. The four combinations of pulse rate (Hz) and duty cycle (%) tested were 60/25, 60/75, 80/25, and 80 Hz/75%. It was found that all settings were effective in the capture of fishes; however, the catch rates differed among settings (X2 = 24.01 P �0.05) and 60/25 combination captured more fish than the other settings. The 60/25 setting also showed the least variation between samples. Average lengths and length frequencies of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) collected with the four combinations were similar.
This report contains annotations from more than 800 papers and reports describing the effects of water levels on ecosystem components, primarily in fresh waters. An index containing key words is included to facilitate the location of references on certain subjects. Key words are also grouped into general categories. The work was performed as part of the Upper Mississippi River System Long Term Resource Monitoring Program.
Declines in submersed aquatic macrophytes, notably Vallisneria americana Michx., recently have been observed in portions of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR). Coincidentally, Myriophyllum spicatum L. appears to have become more common, frequently occurring in locations formerly occupied by Vallisneria or other submersed aquatic species. Mechanisms causing these changes in the abundance and composition of aquatic vegetation are unknown. However, a 3-year drought may have affected nutrient transport and phytoplankton production, thereby influencing growth and reproduction of Vallisneria and other macrophyte species. Other factors may potentially affect populations of submersed macrophytes within the UMR. Foremost...
In 1992, macroinvertebrate sampling was begun in Pools 4, 8, 13, and 26; the Open River Reach of the Mississippi River; and La Grange Pool of the Illinois River as part of the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program. Long-term monitoring is needed to detect population trends and local changes in aquatic ecosystems. We selected mayflies (Ephemeroptera), fingernail clams (Pisidiidae), and the exotic Corbicula species for monitoring. Midges (Chironomidae) were added to the sampling design in 1993 and zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were added in 1995. Sampling was based on a stratified random design and conducted at approximately 125 sites per study area. Mean densities of taxa were weighted by strata for extrapolation....
The Wisconsin Resource Trend Analysis station was established in July 1988. Training was provided in water quality techniques based on the Procedures Manual for the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program. The Station was equipped with sampling instruments and water quality sampling began by the third week in July, from the navigable section of Pool 8 of the Mississippi River. Weekly trends were similar in all habitats types throughout the sampling period, July 17 to October 31, 1988. Dissolved oxygen average levels showed an increase at all habitats during the sampling period. Water clarity increased through the sampling period with a decrease in average turbidity and an increase in average secchi depth transparencies...
During the fall of 1989, a pilot study was conducted to evaluate the potential of a submersible water quality monitoring system for use in backwater areas of the Upper Mississippi River. Between September 8 and October 27, 1989 continuous monitoring units developed by W. G. Crumpton and associates at Iowa State University were deployed at a single Long Term Resource Monitoring Program water and sediment monitoring site on Pool 8, of the Upper Mississippi River. The units were used to monitor dissolved oxygen and temperature at a single depth and light at the surface and two subsurface depths throughout this period. Dissolved oxygen and temperature measurements were taken twice weekly at this site by Long Term Resource...
This report summarized the data collected during a field trip made in July- August 1987 to the Ohio River near RM 581. During this time, the Louisville District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers conducted extensive field experiments with rented barges and towboats to determine the physical impacts of barge traffic on the Ohio River. The data collected by the Illinois State Water Survey consist of suspended sediments at a single station, waves and drawdown at two stations, and some water quality data. Water quality data for pH, temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen (DO) did not show significant variations except that DO was observed to have been reduced slightly over several individual events. Suspended...
The Mississippi, Illinois, Ohio, and Missouri Rivers are used extensively for the transport of goods and commodities, as well as for recreational activities. The Upper Mississippi River System, extending from its confluence with the Ohio River to its headwaters near St. Paul, Minnesota, is used extensively by commercial barge traffic with typical configurations of about 32.1 by about 335.5 meters in plan form, with a draft of 2.74 m. A barge convoy such as this can move up and down the river at speeds from about 1.35 to 4.4 meters per second. Movement of such a body through a river whose cross section in low-flow conditions can be as little as 275 by 3 to 4 m creates significant disturbances of the river environment....
The Illinois River is an important segment of the Upper Mississippi River System which has been designated a nationally significant ecosystem and also a nationally significant commercial navigation system. The character of a riverine ecosystem is affected directly by the amount and distribution of sediment scoured, transported, and deposited by the river. An average commercial barge tow (nine barges in a three wide by three long convoy) has a width of 31.8 m, a length of 179.5 m, and a draft between 0.6 and 2.74 m. A barge tow is pushed by a towboat which typically has two propellers and an average installed horsepower of 3000 (2240 kw). The Illinois River near mile 50 (81 km upstream of its confluence with the...
The temporal variation of suspended sediment concentration and turbidity is an important component of the riverine environment. The maximum rate of discrete volumetric sample collection for laboratory determination of sediment concentration is one sample per minute for our field data collection on the effects of navigation on the Upper Mississippi River System. In an effort to obtain truly continuous measurements, another set of intakes and pumpers was used to obtain and record continuous turbidity data while discrete samples were being collected. Ambient suspended sediment concentration samples and turbidity values were collected continuously for a three-hour period to measure variability over time. A turbidity-concentration...
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