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As a habitat restoration measure, islands have been constructed in the shallow navigation pools of the Upper Mississippi River, St. Paul District. Part of the design assumption was that islands reduce wind fetch, dampen wave action, and alter current velocity in the vicinity of the islands. An evaluation of the effectiveness of islands on wave action would allow more informed planning and improved design for future island construction. This requires a knowledge of the wind-driven wave process and a method of wave forecasting. A literature review to determine the effects of wind speed, fetch length, and water depth on wind-driven wave heights was performed. Numerical models that predict wind-driven wave heights and...
Resource Trend Analysis water quality monitoring was initiated in Navigation Pool 4 of the Upper Mississippi River in January 1990 as part of the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program. Water quality sampling was conducted in different habitats of the Upper Mississippi River System to interpret and predict short-term variability and long-term trends.
The Wisconsin Resource Trend Analysis station is responsible for monitoring water quality parameters on Pool 8. These parameters include dissolved oxygen (DO), water temperature, turbidity, specific conductance, water velocity, and Secchi disk transparency. Twenty-two sites are sampled within five habitat types. This report summarizes annual trends in surface samples for all sampling periods by habitat types and pool reaches. Results in 1990 showed above-normal precipitation and slightly higher air temperatures. Average surface DO and water temperature followed similar trends in all habitat types. Turbidity was commonly higher throughout 1990 compared to previous years and as a result Secchi disk transparency was...
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) has a leading role in promoting the monitoring and analysis of environmental trends in the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS). A thorough review of government reports on navigation effects on biota of the UMRS was conducted by Rasmussen (1983). He pointed out that numerous data gaps remain, both on the physical effects of navigation on the river, its banks and backwaters, as well as on responses of aquatic biota to environmental change associated with navigation effects. Prominent among variables impacting riverine biota is increased turbidity from navigation- induced sediment resuspension and bank slumping. Of special concern are the potential effects of sediment on vegetated...
This manual describes why, how, when, and where data are collected under the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program for the Upper Mississippi River System
Samples of the unionid faunas from two contiguous and five isolated backwaters of the lower Illinois River and Pool 26 of the Upper Mississippi River revealed differences in species composition between the two habitat types. Contiguous backwaters supported diverse faunas (7 to 14 species) near their connections with the river, whereas isolated backwaters supported only three or four species. Species diversity decreased within contiguous backwaters suggesting that the river-backwater interaction is important in maintaining unionid species diversity in these habitats. The common practice of isolating backwaters from the river using levees to prevent siltation may lead to reduced unionid diversity.
Landsat Multispectral Scanner data representing conditions in 1972, 1984, and 1992 were processed to identify open water conditions. The study area included the Upper Mississippi River floodplain between Genoa, Wisconsin, and south of Dubuque, Iowa. Data were analyzed to identify changes which occurred over the 20-yr period and these changes have been combined to represent gains and losses. Gains generally equate to a loss of aquatic plant beds and islands in the lower pools (erosion), while losses are generally restricted to off-channel habitats and represent the effects of sedimentation. Between 1972 and 1992, gains totaled 6,959 hectares; losses totaled 6,321 hectares.
This paper presents the results of a research project undertaken to determine the wave characteristics generated by the uncontrolled movement of recreational boats on the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS). Recorded boating events from a section of the Mississippi River indicated that as many as 704 boats (up to 120 boats per hour) passed this highly used area of the UMRS in a single day during a busy weekend. Sustained movement of recreational boats can generate essentially continuous waves at the shoreline. During the day of heaviest boating activity at the Mississippi River site, the maximum wave height measured was 0.52 m, which was similar to the maximum wave height values reported in Part I. Analyses of...
Movement of barge traffic (barge tows) in restricted waterways such as the Illinois or Mississippi Rivers can generate rapid return flows and water-level depressions (drawdown) between the barge and the shoreline. Due to this return flow, velocity distribution in the zone between the barge and the shore changes temporarily in space and time. The return velocity and the drawdown generated by barge traffic depend on many factors, including river width and depth, barge characteristics, tow speed, draft, and lateral distance from the barge to the shore. An overall mathematical modeling concept of the lateral variation of return flow due to navigation traffic is discussed in this paper. The x- and y-components of velocity...
Water crowfoot (Ranunculus penicillatus subsp. pseudofluitans (Syme) S. Webster) plants were grown in two artificial recirculating rivers, in one of which the phosphate concentration of the input was raised from 40 gPl-1 to 200 gPl-1. Fennel pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus L.) plants were planted as a competitor in association with 50% of the Ranunculus clumps. Chemical concentrations of the major elements in the water were measured weekly. Filamentous algae grew in profusion in the channel with added phosphate (0.77 T fresh weight), compared with an immeasurably low amount in the control channel. After 100 days the plants were removed, dried and weighed and the tissue concentrations of the major elements were...
Procedures were developed for using 1989 Landsat Thematic Mapper data to map land cover/land use for the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS). The procedures include image mosaicking, projection, atmospheric correction, floodplain extraction, classification, editing, quality assurance, and distribution. The mapping classes include water, aquatic vegetation, grasses/forbs, woody terrestrial, agriculture, urban/developed, and sand. Acreage summaries are provided for the 35 navigation pools as well as the open river reaches. Classification error was assessed and confidence limits were generated for each of the seven Landsat scenes required to map the UMRS. The database provides resource managers throughout the UMRS...
The present-day shape, form, and surficial features, and the future directional movement and changes of the morphometry of any large river ecosystem and its interface zones are the results of all the natural and human interventions on the system for the last several decades to centuries. Almost all watersheds of all major rivers of the world have already been subjected to intense pressures from agriculture, urban sprawl, water supplies, transportation, and recreation. Two of the major rivers of the United States have also experienced these major constraints, and they have responded with changes in their morphometry and riverine environments. Specific examples are Pool 19 of the Mississippi River, which extends about...
Water surface elevations and discharge data are critical physical factors which influence other ecosystem components in the river floodplain. All other components listed in the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) Operating Plan (USFWS 1992), including floodplain elevation, water quality, vegetation, sediment composition, macroinvertebrates, fish and wildlife, and habitat are affected by water surface elevation and discharge. Water surface elevation and discharge are directly related in uncontrolled rivers. River discharge is usually estimated from water surface elevations, assuming that the bottom geometry remains constant. However, this relationship is negated at many of the stations within...
Resource Trend Analysis water quality sampling in Upper Mississippi River Pool 13 was initiated in August 1988 as a part of the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program. Mississippi Monitoring Station personnel continued water quality sampling in Pool 13 throughout 1989 using equipment and techniques consistent with the Procedures Manual for the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP). A total of 8,382 observations were recorded by the LTRMP water quality component in Pool 13 during the sampling period January 1 through December 31, 1989. Data collected in 1989 reflect water quality characteristics during a second consecutive year of low water conditions. Mean dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were higher...
In 1992, macroinvertebrate sampling was initiated in Pools 4, 8, 13, 26, and the Open River reach of the Mississippi River, and La Grange Pool of the Illinois River as part of the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program. This report summarizes the 1997 macroinvertebrate sampling. Long-term monitoring is needed to detect population trends and local changes in aquatic ecosystems. Mayflies (Ephemeroptera), fingernail clams (Sphaeriidae), and the exotic Corbicula species were selected for monitoring. Midges (Chironomidae) were added to the sampling design in 1993 and zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were added in 1995. Mayflies, fingernail clams, and midges, members of the soft-substrate community, were chosen because...
Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) are an important component of the recreational and tournament fisheries in the Illinois River. From 1992 through 1994, we tagged and released 4,507 largemouth bass. Through 1995, 652 different anglers caught and reported 1,162 (24.9%) tagged largemouth bass. Including those we recaptured, of 1,473 largemouth bass for which we had the location of recapture, 985 (66.9%) were recaptured within 1 mile (1.6 km) of their release location, indicating tagged largemouth bass usually stayed in the area they were released. Fish released along the main channel were more likely to move than those released in backwaters or sloughs, and largemouth bass translocated by tournament anglers...
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