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Streams and rivers of all sizes and in all parts of the United States flow on sand-bed channels. Scour, transport, and deposition of sediment particles are natural processes in these streams and rivers. Any change in the amount or size distribution of the material available for transport can affect the composition of the river bed, while scour or deposition can change the bathymetry of the river. Hydraulic engineers have tended to view changes in the natural processes of sediment supply and transport as inevitable results of building bridge, dam, or channel training projects. Aquatic ecologists have tended to view any change in sediment transport conditions as a threat to the quality of the riverine ecosystem. Due...
During the 1993 flood on the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS), observational information was obtained by State and Federal agencies participating in the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP). The LTRMP is managed by the National Biological Service, with additional oversight provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engingeers. The data summarized in this report focus on physical, chemical, and biological conditions occurring during the flood. Pre-flood data obtained through earlier LTRMP monitoring efforts provided (in some cases) a basis for evaluating preliminary observations made during the flood. In general, it appears that the species composition and distribution of aquatic and floodplain vegetation may...
The floodplain of the Upper Mississippi River has been significantly modified by man since 1824. Changes include the removal snags and sandbars, elimination of rapids, closing of side channels, construction of wing dams, 29 navigation locks and dams, and hundreds of miles of levees. Watershed changes have transformed much of the landscape from forest/grassland habitats to agriculture. We studied floodplain changes by analyzing historical water elevation and discharge data collected since 1861 and spatial data since 1891. Open water and marsh habitats have generally increased in the dammed portion of the river. A 28% reduction in open water and a 38% reduction in woody and terrestrial habitats have occurred In areas...
The Environmental Management Technical Center has produced a series of standard operating procedure (SOP) manuals detailing the steps in producing spatial data sets to meet quality standards. The present SOP manual is a continuation of that series detailing the quality control (QC) standards and procedures taken at each production step to ensure that the data are correct and can be passed to the next stage in the production process. Adherence to the SOPs detailed in the other manuals and to the QC procedures discussed here ensure that errors are kept to a minimum and that the data are reliable for monitoring and research.
The Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) completed 2,378 collections of fishes from stratified random and permanently fixed sampling locations in six study reaches of the Upper Mississippi River System during 1996. Collection methods included day and night electrofishing, hoop netting, fyke netting (two net sizes), gill netting, seining, and trawling in select aquatic area classes. The six LTRMP study reaches are Pools 4 (excluding Lake Pepin), 8, 13, and 26 of the Upper Mississippi River, an unimpounded reach of the Mississippi River near Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and the La Grange Pool of the Illinois River. A total of 59–75 fish species were detected in each study reach. For each of the six LTRMP study...
The Illinois River Biological Station monitors fish communities in the Illinois River using two different electrofishing programmes, one using three-phase alternating current [AC; The Long Term Illinois Fish Population Monitoring Program or long-term electrofishing (LTEF)] and the other pulsed direct current [DC; The Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP)]. In 2001, we replicated three-phase AC sampling sites with pulsed-DC electrofishing gear to test for differences between the two collection methods and programmes. Electrofishing runs at each site were standardized by length and time, with 48 samples collected for each gear. Our objective was to test for differences in fish catch rates using total catch,...
This report summarizes the investigation conducted by the Illinois State Water Survey on the physical changes associated with the movement of navigation traffic on the Illinois and Upper Mississippi Rivers. This research project was partially funded by the Environmental Management Technical Center of the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Project activities were conducted through the Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Research results have also been presented at technical society meetings and published in a number of journals.
Macroinvertebrate monitoring as part of the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) has been conducted on the UMR Pool 13 since 1992. In this span, 37,699 targeted macroinvertebrate organisms (mayflies, fingernail clams, midges, zebra mussels, and Corbicula spp.) have been collected. Fingernail clams ranked first in total abundance from 1992 1997 with mayflies, midges, and zebra mussels ranking second, third, and fourth, respectively. Mayflies, fingernail clams, and midges reached highest densities in silt/clay substrate. Zebra mussels reached highest densities in sand and gravel/rock substrates. Targeted macroinvertebrates also exhibited preferences for habitat types and water depths. Fingernail clam and...
The Environmental Management Technical Center hosted the Upper Midwest Gap Analysis Program meeting as a follow-up to implementation of the Program, which is being coordinated by the Environmental Management Technical Center. Status reports were presented by the actively participating States of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Representatives from the States of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, and Ohio provided reports and participated in regional coordination discussions. Attendees also participated in group discussions about the protocol being designed for processing Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery for land cover classification and the status and distribution of satellite imagery.
The geographic information system pilot project on Pool 13 of the Upper Mississippi River System was initiated to evaluate system-wide application of various methods of capturing, processing and converting resource data. Classification schemes were developed for two data themes: land cover/land use (vegetation) and aquatic areas. Evaluation of 1:15,000 scale aerial photography indicated that (1) color infrared transparencies were essential for accurately mapping major vegetation classes and vegetation units less than 1 acre; (2) color infrared prints were essential for field work (delineating work areas on the photos and identifying in the field; (3) true color (Ektachrome) transparencies and prints were not useful...
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The initial phase of this project was a literature review of the relationship between a sediment's physical characteristics and the ability of that sediment to sustain aquatic vegetation. The review included methods of determining sediment cohesiveness or shear strength under field conditions. A limited field survey investigated physical characteristics of vegetated and unvegetated sediments near proposed HREP sites and LTRMP monitoring sites on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. Preliminary results of 17 sites reveal possible relationships between sediment shear strength and the presence or absence of aquatic vegetation. Related site characteristics were also noted-- degree of shelter from wave action, Secchi...
Large rivers of the United States of America, such as the Mississippi River, are used for the transport of goods and commodities as well as for recreational activities. The Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) is used extensively by commercial barge traffic having a typical configuration of about 32.1 m by about 335.5 m in plan form, with a draft of 2.74 m. A barge convoy can move at speeds from about 1.3 to 4.4 m.s-1. Movement of such a body through a river cross-section creates significant temporary disturbances of the river environment. The changes in the river environment resulting from the movement of such traffic may include creation of waves and drawdown, altered velocity and pressure regimes, resuspension,...
The Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) is a multipurpose waterway. Commercial navigation, commercial fishing and clamming, recreational boating, hunting, sportfishing, and fish and wildlife conservation are all important uses for the system. The main environmental issue is to establish and maintain a balance between commerce, recreation, and conservation. Conservation scientists have always been concerned about the impact of vessel traffic, both commercial and recreational, on the ecosystem. One of the focal issues is the resuspension of sediments from the river bed by the velocities, pressures, and waves caused by vessels moving in the river. An earlier effort to measure resuspension of sediment relied on U.S....
A pilot geographic information system (GIS) graphical user interface (GUI) was designed to facilitate habitat rehabilitation and enhancement planning by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District. Undertaken in summer 1993, the project was developed to provide sample analyses for the Calhoun Point Habitat Rehabilitation and Enhancement Project on Pool 26 of the Upper Mississippi River System. The main objective of the project was to show how a GIS can assist in the design and evaluation of a project. The interface allows users to become familiar with the features of the area from a contemporary as well as a historical perspective, conduct statistical summaries, and develop and test varying modeling scenarios...
We studied the use that young fishes make of vegetated and nonvegetated habitats in Lawrence Lake (Pool 8, Upper Mississippi River). Habitat use was both extensive and variable. Fish were found in all portions of the macrophyte beds. Backwater macrophyte beds both near to and distant from the main channel of the Mississippi River displayed similar patterns of habitat use. The open water site was used principally by gizzard shad and unidentified Cyprinidae. Habitat use in macrophyte beds with differing vegetation densities in Lawrence Lake was probably influenced by multiple factors. Physical and chemical microhabitat data explained little of the variation in catch in light traps. Two-stage sampling analyses indicated...
This chapter describes specific procedures that should be followed by Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) Field Station staff when preparing for and conducting a photointerpretation project. Procedures are provided for photo and work area preparation, scaling, field verification, and interpretation. The procedures are divided into several steps: 1) photo preparation, 2) scaling photos and determining the minimum mapping unit, 3) work area preparation, 4) field verification, and 5) photointerpretation. Required materials and equipment are listed and the classification is listed and described. Basic conventions to delineation and labeling are described.
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