Through A Fish’s Eye: The Status of Fish Habitats in the United States 2010
Summary
The United States is home to a diverse array of freshwater and marine fish, shellfish, and other aquatic species. More than 3,000 species of fish inhabit America’s streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, marshes, swamps, bays, estuaries, coral reefs, seagrass beds, shallow water banks, deep ocean canyons, and other watery habitats. The United States is also home to over 300 million people, all depending on the same water that fish depend upon. Healthy habitats are essential for sustainable fish populations. Unfortunately, in many places around the United States, fish and the habitats on which they depend are in decline. Almost 40 percent of the nation’s freshwater fish species are considered at risk or vulnerable to extinction. Habitat [...]
Summary
The United States is home to a diverse array of freshwater and marine
fish, shellfish, and other aquatic species. More than 3,000 species
of fish inhabit America’s streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, marshes,
swamps, bays, estuaries, coral reefs, seagrass beds, shallow water banks, deep
ocean canyons, and other watery habitats. The United States is also home to
over 300 million people, all depending on the same water that fish depend
upon.
Healthy habitats are essential for sustainable fish populations. Unfortunately,
in many places around the United States, fish and the habitats on which they
depend are in decline. Almost 40 percent of the nation’s freshwater fish species
are considered at risk or vulnerable to extinction. Habitat loss is the most
common cause for extinction of freshwater fish in the United States over the
past century, and many saltwater fish are also in decline due to habitat degradation.
In 1997, Congress declared that one of the greatest long-term threats to
the viability of commercial and recreational fisheries is the continuing loss of
marine, estuarine, and other aquatic habitats.
This report summarizes the results of an unprecedented nationwide assessment
of human effects on fish habitat in the rivers and estuaries of the United States.
The assessment assigns watersheds and estuaries a risk of current habitat degradation
ranging from very low to very high. These results allow comparison
of aquatic habitats across the nation and within 14 sub-regions. The results
also identify some of the major sources of habitat degradation. Unfortunately,
not all sources of habitat degradation could be assessed, so some important
factors such as small dams and abandoned mines could not be incorporated.
Marine waters, lakes, and reservoirs were not assessed due to resource and data
constraints, so previously published information was used to describe the
condition of these fish habitats. Future revisions to the assessment will incorporate
the missing data to the extent it is available.
Within the United States, areas of high risk and low risk of current habitat
degradation occur in some discernable patterns. Urban corridors, regions with
high-intensity agriculture, and locations of heavy industrial use correspond to
some of the areas with a very high risk of current habitat degradation. Areas
with a very low risk of current habitat degradation include regions with sparse
populations and the lands and waters of national parks and other protected
areas.
East of the Mississippi River, areas with the lowest risk of current habitat degradation
occur principally in northern Maine and the northern Great Lakes area,
as well as in sparsely populated parts of the Appalachian Mountain region.
Areas with the highest risk of current habitat degradation occur in and around
the heavily populated corridor from New York City to Washington D.C.,
including Long Island Sound and the Chesapeake Bay. Urbanization is a major
factor in fish habitat degradation in this area, as is pollution, particularly excess
nutrients. Areas with a very high or high risk of current habitat degradation