Fragmentation is a growing threat to wildlife worldwide and managers need solutions to reverse
its impacts on species’ populations. Populations of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), often considered an umbrella
and focal species for largemammal conservation, are fragmented by human settlement and major highways in
the trans-border region of southern British Columbia, northern Montana, Idaho, and northeastern
Washington. To improve prospects for bear movement among 5 small fragmented grizzly bear
subpopulations, we asked 2 inter-related questions: Are there preferred linkage habitats for grizzly bears
across settled valleys with major highways in the fragmented trans-border region, and if so, could we predict
them using a combination of resource selection functions and human settlement patterns? We estimated a
resource selection function (RSF) to identify high quality backcountry core habitat and to predict frontcountry
linkage areas using global positioning system (GPS) telemetry locations representing an average of 12
relocations per day from 27 grizzly bears (13F, 14M). We used RSF models and data on human presence
(building density) to inform cost surfaces for connectivity network analyses identifying linkage areas based on
least-cost path, corridor, and circuit theory methods.We identified 60 trans-border (Canada–USA) linkage
areas across all major highways and settlement zones in the Purcell, Selkirk, and Cabinet Mountains
encompassing 24% of total highway length. We tested the correspondence of the core and linkage areas
predicted from models with grizzly bear use based on bear GPS telemetry locations and movement data.
Highway crossings were relatively rare; however, 88% of 122 crossings from 13 of our bears were within
predicted linkage areas (mean¼8.3 crossings/bear, SE¼2.8, range 1–31, 3 bears with 1 crossing) indicating
bears use linkage habitat that could be predicted with an RSF. Long-term persistence of small fragmented
grizzly bear populations will require management of connectivity with larger populations. Linkage areas
identified here could inform such efforts. 2015 The Wildlife Society.
