Forests modify snow accumulation and ablation rates as well as overall snow storage amounts and durations, with multiple processes acting simultaneously and often in different directions. To synthesize complex forest–snow relations and help guide near-term management decisions, we present a decision tree. The framework is based on a hypothesized hierarchy of processes and associated variables that predict forest effects on snow storage. In locations with high wind speeds, forests enhance snow storage magnitude and duration relative to open areas. Where wind speeds are low, and winter and spring air temperatures are colder, forests diminish snow storage magnitude but enhance duration. Where air temperatures are warmer, forests diminish [...]
