Folders: ROOT > ScienceBase Catalog > National and Regional Climate Adaptation Science Centers > Northeast CASC > FY 2012 Projects ( Show direct descendants )
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Excessive N and water use in agriculture causes environmental degradation and can potentially jeopardize the sustainability of the system. A field study was conducted from 2000 to 2002 to study the effects of four N treatments (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha-1 per crop) on a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system under 70 ± 15% field capacity in the North China Plain (NCP). The root zone water quality model (RZWQM), with the crop estimation through resource and environment synthesis (CERES) plant growth modules incorporated, was evaluated for its simulation of crop production, soil water, and N leaching in the double cropping system. Soil water content, biomass, and grain yield...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Other Landscapes,
Science Tools For Managers
Vegetative filter strips (VFSs) are a commonly used conservation measure to remove pollutants from agricultural runoff. The effectiveness of VFSs has been widely studied at the plot scale, yet researchers generally agree that field scale implementations are far less effective. The purpose of this research was to develop a field scale VFS submodel for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). A model for the retention of sediments and nutrients in VFSs was developed from experimental observations derived from 22 publications. A runoff retention model was developed from Vegetative Filter Strip MODel (VFSMOD) simulations. This model was adapted to operate at the field scale by considering the effects of flow concentration...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Other Landscapes,
Science Tools For Managers
The sediment filtering capabilities of giant cane (Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Chapm.) and forest riparian buffers were compared in a southern Illinois, USA non tile drained agricultural watershed. Giant cane, a bamboo species, serves as important wildlife habitat throughout its native range in the southeastern and lower midwestern United States. Overland flow samples were collected at the field edge and at 3.3 m, 6.6 m, and 10.0 m within the riparian buffers during 19 precipitation events over a 1-year period. On an annual basis, significant sediment reductions occurred by 3.3 m and 6.6 m in the cane and forest buffers, respectively. The giant cane buffer reduced incoming sediment mass by 94% within the first...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Other Landscapes,
Science Tools For Managers
Suspended sediment is a major water quality problem, yet few monitoring studies have been of sufficient scale and duration to assess the effectiveness of land-use change or conservation practice implementation at a watershed scale. Daily discharge and suspended sediment export from two 5,000-ha watersheds in central Iowa were monitored over a 10-year period (water years 1996-2005). In Walnut Creek watershed, a large portion of land was converted from row crop to native prairie, whereas in Squaw Creek land use remained predominantly row crop agriculture. Suspended sediment loads were similar in both watersheds, exhibiting flashy behavior typical of incised channels. Modeling suggested that expected total soil erosion...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Other Landscapes,
Science Tools For Managers
To determine how climate-induced changes in hydrology and water level may affect the trophic state (productivity) of stratified lakes, two relatively pristine dimictic temperate lakes in Wisconsin, USA, were examined. Both are closed-basin lakes that experience changes in water level and degradation in water quality during periods of high water. One, a seepage lake with no inlets or outlets, has a small drainage basin and hydrology dominated by precipitation and groundwater exchange causing small changes in water and phosphorus (P) loading, which resulted in small changes in water level, P concentrations, and productivity. The other, a terminal lake with inlets but no outlets, has a large drainage basin and hydrology...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Other Landscapes,
Science Tools For Managers
Sediment is an important pollutant for Lake Erie and its tributaries, both as a carrier of other substances, particularly phosphorus, and as a pollutant in its own right. Environmental managers have called for major reductions in sediment and phosphorus loadings from Lake Erie tributaries. In this study, thirty-year datasets (Water Years 1975-2004) with daily resolution are analyzed to identify and interpret trends in suspended sediment and particulate phosphorus concentrations and loads in two major US tributaries to Lake Erie. The Maumee and Sandusky Rivers in agricultural northwest Ohio show continual decreases in concentrations and loads throughout this period. The greatest decreases are observed in summer and...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Other Landscapes,
Science Tools For Managers
Vegetative buffers may function better for filtering agricultural runoff in some locations than in others because of intrinsic characteristics of the land on which they are placed. The objective of this study was to develop a method based on soil survey attributes that can be used to compare soil map units for how effectively a buffer installed in them could remove pollutants from crop field runoff. Three separate models were developed. The surface runoff models for sediment and for dissolved pollutants were quantitative, based mainly on slope, soil, and rainfall factors of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and were calibrated using the Vegetative Filter Strip Model (VFSMOD) for a standard buffer...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Other Landscapes,
Science Tools For Managers
The Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model has been successfully applied for agricultural policy analyses for more than a decade. EPIC has been tested and validated under a wide range of conditions; however, there is an ongoing need to further test the model to improve its prediction capabilities. In this study, EPIC was calibrated and validated using 3 years (1990–1992) of data collected from a field site near Nashua, Iowa. The model’s performance was evaluated by assessing its ability to replicate the effects of various tillage and crop rotation systems on subsurface tile flow, nitrate–nitrogen (NO3–N) loss with tile flow, and crop yield. Predicted annual average tile flows and nitrate losses in the...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Other Landscapes,
Science Tools For Managers
Riverine nitrate N in the Mississippi River leads to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Several recent modeling studies estimated major N inputs and suggested source areas that could be targeted for conservation programs. We conducted a similar analysis with more recent and extensive data that demonstrates the importance of hydrology in controlling the percentage of net N inputs (NNI) exported by rivers. The average fraction of annual riverine nitrate N export/NNI ranged from 0.05 for the lower Mississippi subbasin to 0.3 for the upper Mississippi River basin and as high as 1.4 (4.2 in a wet year) for the Embarras River watershed, a mostly tile-drained basin. Intensive corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.)...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Other Landscapes,
Science Tools For Managers
Nitrate leaching in the unsaturated zone poses a risk to groundwater, whereas nitrate in tile drainage is conveyed directly to streams. We developed metamodels (MMs) consisting of artificial neural networks to simplify and upscale mechanistic fate and transport models for prediction of nitrate losses by drains and leaching in the Corn Belt, USA. The two final MMs predicted nitrate concentration and flux, respectively, in the shallow subsurface. Because each MM considered both tile drainage and leaching, they represent an integrated approach to vulnerability assessment. The MMs used readily available data comprising farm fertilizer nitrogen (N), weather data, and soil properties as inputs; therefore, they were well...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Other Landscapes,
Science Tools For Managers
The biogeochemical impacts of alternative management practices for a row-crop field in Iowa were modeled. Numerous field measurements were made to quantify the impacts of no-till on crop yields, soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics, nitrate leaching, and trace gas emissions. The observations provided first-hand information to understand the comprehensive effect of an alternative tillage method on agricultural production and the environment. Field observations indicated that the impacts of no-till on the Midwestern agro-ecosystems were highly variable in space and time due to the companion management practices, as well as the climatic and soil conditions. The modeled results indicated that the best management practices...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Other Landscapes,
Science Tools For Managers
The influence of the proximity of urbanization and agriculture to stream water quality is often difficult to quantify. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the influence of far-field land-use, encompassing a watershed drainage area, to a near-field, 200-m buffer on each side of the stream in an attempt to determine on which zone of influence land-use has the largest impact on water quality, and (2) incorporate the EPA's Rapid Habitat Assessment Protocol (Barbour et al., 1999) to characterize the riparian and channel characteristics of a stream that influence water quality, which can improve New York State's monitoring protocols. Impacts were assessed through biological, chemical, and physical-habitat...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Habitat assessment,
Land-use,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Systems thinking and system dynamics simulation can provide insights for developing effective plans to protect the environmental integrity of natural systems impacted by human activities. In this study, a system archetype known as growth and underinvestment is hypothesized to explain the eutrophication problem of Lake Allegan in Michigan and identify policy leverage points for mitigation. An integrated system dynamics model is developed to simulate the interaction between key socioeconomic subsystems and natural processes driving eutrophication. The model is applied to holistically characterize the lake’s recovery from its hypereutrophic state and assess a number of proposed total maximum daily load (TMDL) reduction...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Other Landscapes,
Science Tools For Managers
Quantifying and evaluating effects of best management practices (BMPs) on water quality is necessary to maximize the effectiveness of BMPs for minimizing pollutants. Watershed-scale evaluation of effects of BMP implementation on fecal bacteria and sediment yield can be estimated using a watershed water quality model, and strategies for identifying critical areas in a watershed can be pollutant specific. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was used in the Upper Wakarusa watershed (950 km2) in northeast Kansas to explore effectiveness of vegetative filter strip (VFS) lengths applied at the edge of fields to reduce non-point source pollution. The Upper Wakarusa watershed is a high priority total maximum...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Best management practice,
Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Non-point source pollution,
Northeast CASC,
This research examines the effects of climate change on the species composition of forests in the southern Great Lakes region in USA (Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio) by simultaneously addressing five key components necessary for realistic predictions of future forest composition. We simulated transient (1), species-level (2), forest response to climate change at a spatial scale that accounted for competitive effects (3), and regional site diversity (4), in the spatial configuration of forests within the regional landuse matrix (5). The JABOWA-II forest growth model was used to provide species-specific responses of 45 tree species to site conditions (e.g. climatic, edaphic) while accounting for competition for limited...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Climate change,
Data Visualization & Tools,
Forest dynamics,
Gap model,
Geographic information systems (GIS),
Water erosion results in the mobilization and depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC), but studies providing direct experimental evidence of eroded C mineralization and its linkage to the global C cycle are lacking. A study was conducted to determine the mineralization of SOC in runoff from a southwestern Ohio Crosby soil (fine, mixed, mesic Aeric Ochraqualf) that had been under no-till (NT), chisel till (CT) and moldboard plow (MP) for 38 years. To simulate present and future soil erosion conditions, the 0–3 and 5–8 cm soil layers from triplicate soil blocks extracted from each tillage practice were used. Soil layers were transferred to runoff trays and simulated rainfall (30±5 mm h−1) was applied for 1 h. Runoff...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Carbon dioxide,
Data Visualization & Tools,
Erosion,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Carbon sequestration has been well recognized as a viable option to slow the rise in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration. The main goals of this study were to assess the carbon sequestration potential (CSP) by afforestation of marginal agricultural land (MagLand) and to identify hotspots for potential afforestation activities in the U.S. Midwest region (Michigan (MI), Indiana (IN), Ohio, Kentucky (KY), West Virginia, Pennsylvania (PA) and Maryland (MD)). The 1992 USGS National Land Cover Dataset and the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database were used to determine MagLand. Two forest types (coniferous and deciduous) and two management practices (short-rotation versus permanent forest) were combined to form...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Afforestation,
Carbon sequestration,
Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
MRCSP,
An accurate and management sensitive simulation model for tile-drained Midwestern soils is needed to optimize the use of agricultural management practices (e.g., winter cover crops) to reduce nitrate leaching without adversely affecting corn yield. Our objectives were to enhance the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) for tile drainage, test the modified model for several management scenarios, and then predict nitrate leaching with and without winter wheat cover crop. Twelve years of data (1990–2001) from northeast Iowa were used for model testing. Management scenarios included continuous corn and corn–soybean rotations with single or split N applications. For 38 of 44 observations, yearly drain flow...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Cover crop,
Crop production,
Crop rotation,
Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
The potential for global climate changes to increase the risk of soil erosion is clear, but the actual damage is not. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential impacts of climate change on soil erosion, surface runoff, and wheat productivity in central Oklahoma. Monthly projections were used from the Hadley Centre's general circulation model, HadCM3, using scenarios A2a, B2a, and GGa1 for the periods of 1950-1999 and 2070-2099. Projected changes in monthly precipitation and temperature distributions between the two periods were incorporated into daily weather series by means of a stochastic weather generator (CLIGEN) with its input parameters adjusted to each scenario. The Water Erosion Prediction...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Other Landscapes,
Science Tools For Managers
Soil erosion under future climate change is very likely to increase because of increases in occurrence of heavy storms. The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of common cropping and tillage systems on soil erosion and surface runoff during 2010 to 2039 in central Oklahoma. A combination of 18 cropping and tillage systems is evaluated using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model for 12 climate change scenarios projected by four global climate models (GCMs) under three emissions scenarios. Tillage systems include conventional, reduced, delayedno tillage. Cropping systems include continuous monocultures of winter wheat, soybean, sorghumcotton and double crops of wheat and soybeans. Compared...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Data Visualization & Tools,
Landscapes,
Northeast CASC,
Other Landscapes,
Science Tools For Managers
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