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Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) values estimated for specified areas including 1) total county areas; 2) potentially irrigated areas within each county; and 3) mapped extents of irrigated lands within each county provided by some states. These ETa estimates were provided to the USGS National Water Use Science Project by the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Gabriel Senay and MacKenzie Friedrichs, written communication, 2/20/2017) and are based on 1-square kilometer resolution 2015 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data analyzed through the operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model using methods of Senay and others (2013). Reference: Senay,...
This dataset presents the total estimated monthly public-supply water withdrawal by 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC12) in the conterminous United States for 2015. Public-supply water use was estimated by spatially and temporally downscaling available data from each state. The total represents combined groundwater and surface water withdrawals for 83,178 watersheds. Public supply refers to water withdrawn by public and private water suppliers that provide water for cities, towns, rural water districts, mobile-home parks, Native American Indian reservations, and military bases. Public-supply facilities are classified under the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 4941 and provide water to at least 25 people...
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The Landsat-based Irrigation Dataset (LANID) uses a random-forest machine-learning model with greenness and vegetative indices, climate data, and crop masks to identify irrigated crops (Xie and others, 2021, Xie and Lark, 2021). Separate western US and eastern US methods are used to train and validate the model. Annual LANID maps for 2018-20 were created using the same techniques in Xie and others, 2021, and Xie and Lark, 2021.
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Previous work by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) developed models to estimate the amount of water that is withdrawn and consumed by thermoelectric power plants (Diehl and others, 2013; Diehl and Harris, 2014; Harris and Diehl, 2019 [full citations listed in srcinfo of the metadata file]). This data release presents a historical reanalysis of thermoelectric water use from 2008 to 2020 and includes monthly and annual water withdrawal and consumption estimates, thermodynamically plausible ranges of minimum and maximum withdrawal and consumption estimates, and associated information for 1,360 water-using, utility-scale thermoelectric power plants in the United States. The term “reanalysis” refers to the process of...
The spatial extents of verified irrigated lands were compiled from various federal and state sources across the nation and combined into a single Geographic Information System (GIS) geodatabase for the purpose of model training and validation. In cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), researchers at the University of Wisconsin (UW) generated a nation-wide map of irrigated lands using remote-sensing techniques that will be incorporated into future irrigation water-use models. The verified spatial data varies in scope, accuracy, and time period represented, but in general represents GIS coverages (polygons) of agricultural land irrigated for at least some period during 2002–17. Data from 14 states were provided...
The datasets in this data release contain the results of an analysis of the U.S. Geological Survey's historical water-use data from 1985 to 2015. Data were assessed to determine the top category of water-use by volume. Data from groundwater, surface water, and total water (groundwater plus surface water) use were parsed by water type, and the top category of use by county or the geographic region or local government equivalent to a county (for example, parishes in Louisiana) was determined. There are two sets of results provided, one for the "Priority" categories of water use and the second for all categories of water use. "Priority" categories are irrigation, public supply, and thermoelectric power and comprise...
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An inventory of facilities that bottle water or other beverages containing water (including soft drinks, beer, wine, or spirits) or that manufacture ice was compiled by combining available datasets from multiple sources. This water bottling inventory dataset includes facilities within all 50 states of the United States, one federal district (Washington, District of Columbia), and three territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands). The inventory focuses on presently active facilities in 2023. Most closed water bottling facilities are not included; however, facilities identified as being a former production site (meaning the facility is still active but the business function has changed) or as closed during...
Publications from the Public Supply Water Use Modeling Project
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This child item describes R code used to determine public supply consumptive use estimates. Consumptive use was estimated by scaling an assumed fraction of deliveries used for outdoor irrigation by spatially explicit estimates of evaporative demand using estimated domestic and commercial, industrial, and institutional deliveries from the public supply delivery machine learning model child item. This method scales public supply water service area outdoor water use by the relationship between service area gross reference evapotranspiration provided by GridMET and annual continental U.S. (CONUS) growing season maximum evapotranspiration. This relationship to climate at the CONUS scale could result in over- or under-estimation...
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This child item provides a snapshot of the watershed boundary dataset which consists of a shapefile with 87,020 12-digit hydrologic unit codes (HUC12) for the conterminous United States retrieved 10/26/2020. The National Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD) is a comprehensive set of digital spatial data that represents the surface drainages areas of the United States. Although versions of the WBD are published as part of U.S. Geological Survey National Hydrography Products, the version used to produce the water-use reanalysis was not archived and is provided here. This dataset is part of a larger data release using machine learning to predict public supply water use for 12-digit hydrologic units from 2000-2020. Public-supply...
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This child item describes Python code used to retrieve gridMET climate data for a specific area and time period. Climate data were retrieved for public-supply water service areas, but the climate data collector could be used to retrieve data for other areas of interest. This dataset is part of a larger data release using machine learning to predict public supply water use for 12-digit hydrologic units from 2000-2020. Data retrieved by the climate data collector code were used as input feature variables in the public supply delivery and water use machine learning models. This page includes the following file: climate_data_collector.zip - a zip file containing the climate data collector Python code used to retrieve...
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This child item describes a machine learning model that was developed to estimate public-supply water use by water service area (WSA) boundary and 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC12) for the conterminous United States. This model was used to develop an annual and monthly reanalysis of public supply water use for the period 2000-2020. This data release contains model input feature datasets, python codes used to develop and train the water use machine learning model, and output water use predictions by HUC12 and WSA. Public supply water use estimates and statistics files for HUC12s are available on this child item landing page. Public supply water use estimates and statistics for WSAs are available in public_water_use_model.zip....
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This child item describes R code used to determine water source fractions (groundwater (GW), surface water (SW), or spring (SP)) for public-supply water service areas, counties, and 12-digit hydrologic unit codes (HUC12) using information from a proprietary dataset from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Water-use volumes per source were not available from public-supply systems so water source fractions were calculated by the number of withdrawal source types (GW/SW). For example, for a public supply system with three SW intakes and one GW well, the fractions would be 0.75 SW and 0.25 GW. This dataset is part of a larger data release using machine learning to predict public supply water use for 12-digit hydrologic...
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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) developed models to estimate plant-level thermoelectric water use based on linked heat-and-water budgets to provide a consistent method for water-use estimation across the fleet of U.S. thermoelectric plants. In addition to calculating a thermodynamic “best” estimate for each powerplant, the models also calculate plausible ranges of minimum and maximum withdrawal and consumption. Historically, there have been two federal sources for thermoelectric water use information. The Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA) publishes annual thermoelectric water withdrawal and consumption data based on plant operator-reported surveys. The USGS has published water-use...
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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) developed models to estimate the amount of water that is withdrawn and consumed by thermoelectric power plants (Diehl and others, 2013; Diehl and Harris, 2014; Harris and Diehl, 2019). The thermoelectric water use models are based on linked heat-and-water budgets that are constrained by power plant generation and cooling system technologies, the amount of fuels consumed and electricity generated, and environmental variables. The heat-budget side of the models calculates the amount of waste heat (fuel heat that is not converted to electricity) that is removed from the steam used to drive the turbines that generate electricity and transferred to the cooling system in a thermoelectric...
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This dataset presents the total monthly water withdrawal and consumption estimates for surface-water and groundwater sourced utility-scale thermoelectric power plants by 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC12) in the United States for 2015. The water withdrawal and consumption estimate methods and data are published in USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2019-5103 "Withdrawal and Consumption of Water by Thermoelectric Power Plants in the United States, 2015" available at https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195103. The data release described by this metadata documents the summation of the monthly water withdrawal and consumption estimates by the HUC12 in which the facilities reside. These monthly estimates by HUC12 support...
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The USGS has published United States water-use data every five years since 1950. To increase the temporal and spatial availability of water use estimates using nationally consistent methods, the USGS is developing national water-use models for each major water-use category. This data release publishes crop irrigation withdrawals for the conterminous United States (CONUS) that are calculated using modeled irrigation consumptive use (Martin and others, 2024), irrigation efficiencies, and source-water proportions (Dieter and others, 2018). Crop irrigation withdrawals and irrigation consumptive use refer to water removed and consumed, respectively, from a groundwater or surface-water source to produce agricultural crops....
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The U.S. Geological Survey is developing national water-use models to support water resources management in the United States. Model benefits include a nationally consistent estimation approach, greater temporal and spatial resolution of estimates, efficient and automated updates of results, and capabilities to forecast water use into the future and assess model uncertainty. The term “reanalysis” refers to the process of reevaluating and recalculating water-use data using updated or refined methods, data sources, models, or assumptions. In this data release, water use refers to water that is withdrawn by public and private water suppliers and includes water provided for domestic, commercial, industrial, thermoelectric...
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This child item describes Python code used to query census data from the TigerWeb Representational State Transfer (REST) services and the U.S. Census Bureau Application Programming Interface (API). These data were needed as input feature variables for a machine learning model to predict public supply water use for the conterminous United States. Census data were retrieved for public-supply water service areas, but the census data collector could be used to retrieve data for other areas of interest. This dataset is part of a larger data release using machine learning to predict public supply water use for 12-digit hydrologic units from 2000-2020. Data retrieved by the census data collector code were used as input...
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This data release provides a monthly irrigation water use reanalysis for the period 2000-20 for all U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Watershed Boundary Dataset of Subwatersheds (Hydrologic Unit Code 12 [HUC12]) in the conterminous United States (CONUS). Results include reference evapotranspiration (ETo), actual evapotranspiration (ETa), irrigated areas, consumptive use, and effective precipitation for each HUC12. ETo and ETa were estimated using the operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop, Senay and others, 2013; Senay and others, 2020) model executed in the OpenET (Melton and others, 2021) web-based application implemented in Google Earth Engine. Results provided by OpenET/SSEBop were summarized to hydrologic...


map background search result map search result map Verified Irrigated Agricultural Lands for the United States, 2002–17 Total monthly water withdrawals for public supply by 12-digit hydrologic unit in the conterminous United States for 2015 2015 calendar-year county-level estimates of actual evapotranspiration for the conterminous United States and Hawaii Water withdrawal and consumption estimates for thermoelectric power plants in the United States, 2015 (ver. 1.2, July 2024) Total monthly water withdrawal and consumption estimates by 12-digit hydrologic unit code for surface-water and groundwater sourced utility-scale thermoelectric plants in the conterminous United States for 2015. Irrigation water use reanalysis for the 2000-20 period by HUC12, month, and year for the conterminous United States (ver. 2.0, September 2024) Thermoelectric-power water use reanalysis for the 2008-2020 period by power plant, month, and year for the conterminous United States LANID: Landsat-based irrigation dataset for CONUS 2018-20 Thermoelectric-power condenser duty estimates by month and cooling type for use to calculate water use by power plant for the 2008-2020 reanalysis period for the conterminous United States Monthly crop irrigation withdrawals and efficiencies by HUC12 watershed for years 2000-2020 within the conterminous United States (ver. 2.0, September 2024) Inventory of water bottling facilities in the United States, 2023, and select water-use data, 1955-2022 Machine learning model that estimates total monthly and annual per capita public-supply water use (version 2.0) Public supply water use reanalysis for the 2000-2020 period by HUC12, month, and year for the conterminous United States (ver. 2.0, August 2024) R code used to estimate public supply consumptive water use National watershed boundary (HUC12) dataset for the conterminous United States, retrieved 10/26/2020 Python code used to download gridMET climate data for public-supply water service areas Python code used to download U.S. Census Bureau data for public-supply water service areas R code that determines groundwater and surface water source fractions for public-supply water service areas, counties, and 12-digit hydrologic units Verified Irrigated Agricultural Lands for the United States, 2002–17 Thermoelectric-power water use reanalysis for the 2008-2020 period by power plant, month, and year for the conterminous United States Thermoelectric-power condenser duty estimates by month and cooling type for use to calculate water use by power plant for the 2008-2020 reanalysis period for the conterminous United States Monthly crop irrigation withdrawals and efficiencies by HUC12 watershed for years 2000-2020 within the conterminous United States (ver. 2.0, September 2024) LANID: Landsat-based irrigation dataset for CONUS 2018-20 Irrigation water use reanalysis for the 2000-20 period by HUC12, month, and year for the conterminous United States (ver. 2.0, September 2024) Total monthly water withdrawals for public supply by 12-digit hydrologic unit in the conterminous United States for 2015 Machine learning model that estimates total monthly and annual per capita public-supply water use (version 2.0) Public supply water use reanalysis for the 2000-2020 period by HUC12, month, and year for the conterminous United States (ver. 2.0, August 2024) R code used to estimate public supply consumptive water use Python code used to download gridMET climate data for public-supply water service areas Python code used to download U.S. Census Bureau data for public-supply water service areas R code that determines groundwater and surface water source fractions for public-supply water service areas, counties, and 12-digit hydrologic units National watershed boundary (HUC12) dataset for the conterminous United States, retrieved 10/26/2020 2015 calendar-year county-level estimates of actual evapotranspiration for the conterminous United States and Hawaii Inventory of water bottling facilities in the United States, 2023, and select water-use data, 1955-2022 Water withdrawal and consumption estimates for thermoelectric power plants in the United States, 2015 (ver. 1.2, July 2024) Total monthly water withdrawal and consumption estimates by 12-digit hydrologic unit code for surface-water and groundwater sourced utility-scale thermoelectric plants in the conterminous United States for 2015.