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California's Central Valley ranges from the mountain fronts toward a central trough, mainly defined by the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, and the relative distance from trough to valley edges is of interest. This data release provides supplemental data for the USGS Professional Paper 1766, titled Groundwater Availability of the Central Valley Aquifer, California and provides geographic information systems (GIS) datasets containing this relative distance grid and supporting data. Included in this data release are shapefiles used to define the Central Valley study area, the Central Valley trough, and a relative distance grid that may be used to spatially define other GIS data into zones between the edge of the...
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This digital dataset contains three types of information about the land use properties used in the updated Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM2): land use shapefile showing primary land use type for a model cell through time, soil data using the curve number for each region and zone, and farm process parameter values including crop coefficients and rooting depths. First posted - August 11, 2022 Revised - January 2023 (version 2.0) Revised - September 2023 (version 3.0)
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Managed aquifer recharge is a water-management strategy used to meet water demands during dry periods, or periods of high-water demand, when surface-water supplies are low. One method of managed aquifer recharge uses aquifer systems as subsurface reservoirs or ‘water banks’ to effectively and economically store surface water when surplus is available, and then recover the recharged groundwater to meet water demands during droughts. During these water shortages, increased groundwater pumpage can be used to offset shortfalls in surface-water supplies. Thus, surface-water reservoirs and water banks can be used conjunctively to effectively coordinate the use of groundwater and surface water. Data were compiled for ten...
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The model setup of the updated Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM2) is similar to the original Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM). The differences in the model setup are described here as either model discretization, tidal influence, or drain flow. For model discretization, CVHM2 has 13 layers compared to 10 in CVHM. Tidal data for the San Francisco Bay and its influence on the general head boundary was added in CVHM2. Drain flow was not included in CVHM1 for the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, and was added in CVHM2.
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The shapefile in this data release is the updated Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM2) model grid cells with yearly land use from 1921 to 2019. Historical land use data shows the Central Valley land use prior to agricultural development. The rise of agriculture in the Central Valley is visible over time in this data set. Existing land use maps covering the Central Valley were used as sources and were assigned to model grids cells for their observed land use year. This source data was used to estimate land use over time for years where no land use map was available. This was accomplished by comparing land use cells between two years where source data is available. Cells where there is no land use change remain...
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A three-dimensional groundwater flow model of the Central Valley in California was developed to aid water managers in understanding how water moves through the aquifer system, to predict water-supply scenarios, and to address issues related to subsidence. The USGS California Water Science Center made a detailed assessment of groundwater availability of the Central Valley aquifer system, which includes: (1) the status of groundwater resources; (2) how these resources have changed over time, particularly related to subsidence; and (3) tools to assess system responses to stresses from future human uses and climate variability and change. This effort builds on previous investigations, such as the USGS Central Valley...
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Groundwater storage depletion is a critical issue for many of the major aquifers in the U.S., particularly during intense droughts. The GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellites launched in 2002, with sensors designed to measure changes in the Earth’s gravitational field at large spatial scales (≥ ~200,000 km2). These changes are primarily driven by changes in water storage on the Earth’s surface. Estimates of groundwater storage changes based on these gravity measurements have attracted considerable media attention in the U.S. and globally. However, groundwater storage changes are computed indirectly by subtracting snow, surface water, and soil moisture storage from the total water storage monitored...
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This digital dataset contains the soil data for the updated Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM2). The soil data is based on California Department of Water Resource’s C2VSim’s fine grid model soil curve number data set (C2VSimFG Version 1.0 - Datasets; CNRA, 2011). These values were originally obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO) soil map of the State of California (USDA, 2004), and then an area-weighted average value for each hydrologic soil group within each subregion was calculated to the C2VSim element. Curve number values obtained from SSURGO were converted for use in C2VSimFG. To translate the curve...
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This digital dataset contains datasets used to develop the Multi Node Well (MNW2) Package in CVHM2. It includes well locations, well properties for Municipal Pumping, Rural Pumping, Recovery Pumping, and Agricultural Pumping. The data release also includes pumping rates for Municipal Pumping, Rural Pumping, Recovery Pumping. Agricultural Pumping are estimated in CVHM2 by the farm process, and thus are not included in the virtual farm well child item. The data release also documents how urban water use was estimated in CVHM2 from population and other base datasets.
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This digital dataset contains the location and timing of the virtual farm wells for the updated Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM2). Farm wells are simulated as virtual wells and the screen lengths based on those calculated for the original Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM; Faunt and others, 2009). Farm wells are all simulated as multi-node wells (MNW), which allows for a more realistic distribution of pumping by demand for each water balance subregion. Agricultural Pumping are estimated in CVHM2 by the farm process, and thus are not included in the virtual farm well child item.
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This digital dataset was created as part of a U.S. Geological Survey study in cooperation with the Santa Barbara County Water Agency to conduct a hydrologic resource assessment and develop an integrated numerical hydrologic model of the hydrologic system of Cuyama Valley, CA. As part of this larger study, the USGS developed this digital dataset of geologic data and three-dimensional hydrogeologic framework models, referred to here as the Cuyama Valley 3-D hydrogeologic framework models (3DHFM), that define the elevation, thickness, extent, and lithology-based texture variations of three hydrogeologic units in the Cuyama Valley, CA, groundwater basin. A USGS report that described the construction of 3-D geologic...
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This digital dataset includes three sets of observational data (groundwater level, streamflow, subsidence) used to calibrate the updated Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM2). CVHM2 is a tool that can be used to quantify the sustainability of groundwater resources in the Central Valley.
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The Russian River Watershed (RRW) covers about 1,300 square miles (without Santa Rosa Plain) of urban, agricultural, and forested lands in northern Sonoma County and southern Mendocino County, California. Communities in the RRW depend on a combination of Russian River water and groundwater to meet their water-supply demands. Water is used primarily for agricultural irrigation, municipal and private wells supply, and commercial uses - such as for wineries and recreation. Annual rainfall in the RRW is highly variable, making it prone to droughts and flooding from atmospheric river events. In order to better understand surface-water and groundwater issues, the USGS is creating a Coupled Ground-Water and Surface-Water...
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The Central Valley covers about 20,000 square miles and is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world. Because the valley is semi-arid, surface-water availability varies substantially. Agricultural demand for irrigation is heavily reliant on surface water and groundwater. In the last few decades, land-use changes and limitations to surface-water availability—including drought and environmental flows—have increased pumping, causing groundwater-level and groundwater-storage declines, renewed subsidence, decreased stream flows, and changes to ecosystems. As these recent trends continue, monitoring, data compilation, and modeling are critical to understanding the dynamics of groundwater use and developing...
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This digital dataset contains information about the farm process parameter values are used as input to the updated Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM2), which consists of 24 land use types and the corresponding monthly crop coefficient for each land use type. Land use types, initial rooting depths, and initial crop coefficients were modified from Faunt and Others (2009).


    map background search result map search result map Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Observation Data (Groundwater Level, Streamflow, Subsidence) (ver. 2.2, May 2024) Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Land Use Properties (ver. 3.0, October 2023) Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Model Setup Files Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Well Log Lithology Database and Texture Model Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Groundwater Pumping Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Virtual Farm Wells Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): The Farm Process Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Land Use Properties - Grid Land Use Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Water Banking for water years 1961-2019 (ver. 2.0, Aug 2023) Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Soil Data CVHM2: Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 Russian River Integrated Hydrologic Model (RRIHM) Relative distance of California's Central Valley from trough to valley edge and supporting data MODFLOW-OWHM Used to Characterize the Groundwater Flow System of the Central Valley Digital data for 3-D Geologic Framework and Textural Models for Cuyama Valley Groundwater Basin, California Digital data for 3-D Geologic Framework and Textural Models for Cuyama Valley Groundwater Basin, California Russian River Integrated Hydrologic Model (RRIHM) CVHM2: Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 Relative distance of California's Central Valley from trough to valley edge and supporting data Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Observation Data (Groundwater Level, Streamflow, Subsidence) (ver. 2.2, May 2024) Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Land Use Properties (ver. 3.0, October 2023) Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Model Setup Files Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Well Log Lithology Database and Texture Model Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Groundwater Pumping Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Virtual Farm Wells Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): The Farm Process Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Water Banking for water years 1961-2019 (ver. 2.0, Aug 2023) MODFLOW-OWHM Used to Characterize the Groundwater Flow System of the Central Valley Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Soil Data Central Valley Hydrologic Model version 2 (CVHM2): Land Use Properties - Grid Land Use