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Hawai‘i’s isolation, paired with limited water resources, make the archipelago sensitive to reductions in water availability. Drought can take different forms, varying across Island geographies with respect to frequency, intensity, duration, and extent. A drought event can exert hydrological, agricultural, ecological, and socio-economic impacts – and these impacts have been growing over the past century as droughts have become more frequent and severe. While the impacts of drought in Hawai‘i have been recently documented, important gaps remain in understanding these dynamics when engaging with multiple other stressors such as invasive species, shifting fire and climate patterns, pests, and pathogens. In particular,...
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In the dry southwestern United States, snowmelt plays a crucial role as a water source for people, vegetation, and wildlife. However, snow droughts significantly lower snow accumulations, disrupting these critical water supplies for local communities and ecosystems. Despite its large influence on land- and water-resource management, snow drought has only recently been properly defined and its historical distribution and effects on key natural resources are essentially unknown. To remedy this serious knowledge gap, project researchers are examining the causes, effects, and forecastability of snow drought to provide needed scientific information and guidance to planners and decision makers. The central goals of...
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The north-central region of the U.S. has experienced a series of extreme droughts in recent years, with impacts felt across a range of sectors. For example, the impacts of a 2002 drought are estimated to have resulted in a $3 billion loss to the agricultural sector in Nebraska and South Dakota. Meanwhile, the ecological impacts of drought in the region have included increased tree mortality, surges in the outbreak of pests, and intensifying forest fires. Located within this region is the Missouri River Basin, an important agricultural production area home to approximately 12 million people, including 28 Native American tribes. Tribal governments and multiple federal agencies manage land and natural resources in...
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In the North Central U.S., drought is a dominant driver of ecological, economic, and social stress. Drought conditions have occurred in the region due to lower precipitation, extended periods of high temperatures and evaporative demand, or a combination of these factors. This project aimed to improve our understanding of drought in the North Central region and determine what future droughts might look like over the 21st century, as climate conditions change. Researchers evaluated, with the intent to improve, available and emerging data on climate conditions that influence drought (such as changes in temperature, precipitation, evaporative demand, snow and soil moisture), as well as datasets related to the surface...
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This shapefile represents the frequency characteristics of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and climatic water deficit for the Island of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi for a set of rainfall and land-cover conditions represented in 10 water-budget scenarios. The 10 scenarios include (1) historical non-drought rainfall and 2020 land cover, (2) historical drought rainfall and 2020 land cover (3) future non-drought rainfall and 2020 land cover, (4) future drought rainfall and 2020 land cover, (5) historical drought rainfall and Conversion 1 land cover (6) future non-drought rainfall and Conversion 1 land cover, (7) a future drought rainfall and Conversion 1 land cover, (8) historical drought rainfall and Conversion 2 land cover,...
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This shapefile summarizes the frequency characteristics of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and climatic water deficit for Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi for a set of rainfall and land-cover conditions represented in 10 water-budget scenarios. The 10 scenarios include (1) historical non-drought rainfall and 2020 land cover, (2) historical drought rainfall and 2020 land cover (3) future non-drought rainfall and 2020 land cover, (4) future drought rainfall and 2020 land cover, (5) historical drought rainfall and Conversion 1 land cover (6) future non-drought rainfall and Conversion 1 land cover, (7) a future drought rainfall and Conversion 1 land cover, (8) historical drought rainfall and Conversion 2 land cover, (9) future non-drought...
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Conservation of soil and water is the keystone to sustainable livestock grazing and maintenance of native species on Southwestern grazing lands. The negative impacts of erosion on vegetation productivity can have significant economic impacts to a ranch operation and sedimentation is the leading water quality problem in the western United States impacting reservoirs and aquatic environments. Recurring drought conditions can override the success of conservation practices in the arid and semiarid Southwest. The severity and persistence of these drought-related impacts to watershed health can vary among conservation practices. Therefore, government assistance programs intended to support soil and water conservation...
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This shapefile represents the frequency characteristics of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and climatic water deficit for Maui, Hawaiʻi for a set of rainfall and land-cover conditions represented in 10 water-budget scenarios. The 10 scenarios include (1) historical non-drought rainfall and 2020 land cover, (2) historical drought rainfall and 2020 land cover (3) future non-drought rainfall and 2020 land cover, (4) future drought rainfall and 2020 land cover, (5) historical drought rainfall and Conversion 1 land cover (6) future non-drought rainfall and Conversion 1 land cover, (7) a future drought rainfall and Conversion 1 land cover, (8) historical drought rainfall and Conversion 2 land cover, (9) future non-drought...
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Forests across the southwestern U.S. are crucial components of recreation and play an important role in state and local economies. Healthy forests also provide needed habitat for many wildlife species and contribute many other important services to our planet. “Hotter droughts” (otherwise normal droughts whose effects on ecosystems are exacerbated by higher temperatures) are an emerging climate change threat to forests with some of their earliest and strongest appearances happening in the Southwest. The Leaf to Landscape project uses California’s unusually hot drought as a potential preview of the future, allowing us to collect information that will help guide forest management in the face of a warming climate....
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Estuaries are located at the interface where rivers meet the sea, creating unique ecosystems with complex physical and biological processes. Coastal wetlands provide essential ecosystem services to people, including flood protection from high tides and storm surges, commercial fisheries, carbon sequestration, improved water quality, and wildlife food and habitat. Coastal wetlands are also home to hundreds of migratory and resident wildlife species including threatened and endangered species of management concern. Wetlands also have the unique ability to increase their elevation relative to sea-level rise, therefore protecting nearby communities from flooding. In California, prolonged drought and extreme storm events...
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Understanding how to manage scarce water during drought is one of the great challenges we face as a society, particularly for communities in the Rio Grande Basin. Severe drought coupled with human development have profoundly impacted the quantity and quality of water in the basin. Running through Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico, the Rio Grande is a multi-national resource that is managed by many different state, federal, and local authorities and used by diverse stakeholders. Developing the basin-wide responses necessary for drought resilience throughout the Basin can be challenging in such a complex management context. This project seeks to understand how different human and environmental factors affect...
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Agriculture was highly influential on the fish habitat assessment of the Pacific Coastal States. One of the broadest areas implicated is the California Central Valley that extends 450 miles from Redding to Bakersfield. This region grows a wide variety of row crops and fruit trees and supports abundant cattle and dairy farms. Another region of very high risk is Willamette Valley in Oregon, where crops such as berries, vegetables, sod, and vineyards are grown. Silviculture, particularly large-scale timber clearcuts, is another significant agricultural practice in this area. Also at high risk are aquatic habitats in eastern Washington between Spokane and Walla Walla, where wheat, hay, potatoes and apples are the dominant...
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Ecosystems respond to disturbances (such as wildfire) and changing climate in a variety of ways, including persistence, recovery, and reorganization into new combinations. Some species respond by migrating across the landscape over time, which allows them to keep up with changing climate. Many forests recover after wildfire by regenerating from seeds, and public land managers often assist these processes to help ecosystems recover. However, the success of all of these strategies depends on young plants (seedlings and saplings) surviving, often when exposed to harsh conditions following fires, including prolonged droughts, heat waves, and rising temperatures. In this project, researchers will study how well young...
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Sagebrush steppe is one of the most widely distributed ecosystems in North America. Found in eleven western states, this important yet fragile ecosystem is dominated by sagebrush, but also contains a diversity of native shrubs, grasses, and flowering plants. It provides critical habitat for wildlife like pronghorn and threatened species such as the greater sage-grouse, and is grazed by livestock on public and private lands. However, this landscape is increasingly threatened by shifts in wildfire patterns, the spread of invasive grasses, and changing climate conditions. While sagebrush is slow to recover after fires, non-native grasses such as cheatgrass thrive in post-fire conditions and the spread of these species...
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The Colorado River is a crucial water source for millions of people in the Southwest. Warming temperatures, clearly documented in climate records for the Colorado River basin, are having an impact on the amount of annual streamflow yielded from rain and snow. Recent work has revealed that warming temperatures have played an increasingly important role over the past decades, both exacerbating droughts and dampening the effects of wet winters on high stream flows. Understanding and anticipating how warming temperatures will influence future water supply in the Colorado River basin is increasingly important for resource management, particularly in light of recent drought conditions. The overarching goals of this...
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Climate Change is making our environment unpredictable. Increased persistence of drought is causing deaths of plants and animals across our landscapes. However, drought amongst the western United States is not a new thing. Native American populations have been living with drought since time immemorial and practiced culturally prescribed fire practices to foster the landscape for an environment that provides resources for tribal livelihoods and traditional practices (Marks-Block et al. 2019). The United States Geologic Survey and the Yurok Tribe are partnering to study the effects of prescribed burns actively occurring in Yurok Ancestral Territory. Prescribed burns promote a healthy ecosystem through positively...
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Water in the western United States is disappearing, and several states are facing severe water shortages as drought conditions worsen. Many streams are drying up, and there is growing concern that this trend will only continue as climate change produces warmer and drier conditions. The loss of stream ecosystems has far reaching ecological, social, and economic implications. Species that depend on these ecosystems for habitat will be at greater risk of extinction and humans will lose vital sources of water relied upon for agriculture, drinking water, and recreation. This project aimed to identify how water availability is changing in the West, focusing specifically on when and where streams go dry. Researchers...
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As elevation increases, both temperature and moisture availability decrease. In many parts of the world, this decrease in temperature is a limiting factor for vegetation—at certain elevations, the temperature becomes too cold for plants to survive. However in the tropics, moisture availability may play a more important role than temperature in determining the altitude at which forests can grow. For example on Haleakalā, a volcano on the Hawaiian Island of Mauʻi, the forest line is not found at the same elevation everywhere, as you would expect if it were controlled by temperature. Rather, the forest line is highest in the wetter eastern-most end and lower on the drier, western end of the volcano. Research also...
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Climate change, drought, habitat alterations, and increasing water demands are leaving less water available for streams of the Pacific Northwest and for fish like salmon. As water levels drop, some small streams become fragmented, transforming from a ribbon of continuous habitat into a series of isolated pools. Fragmented streams may pose a serious threat to salmon. For example, juveniles that become stranded in small pools are at increased risk to overheat, starve, or be consumed by predators. Healthy salmon populations can cope with fragmentation and recover from a bad drought-year. However, many salmon populations are endangered and face long-term drought. Land and resource managers are increasingly finding...
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Contemporary observations suggest that water may disappear entirely from portions of some North Slope stream-beds during periods of drought or low flow. Climate models project even drier summers in the future. This could pose a problem for migrating fish that must be able to move back and forth from breeding and summer feeding areas to scarce overwintering sites. This work uses the best available long-term hydrologic data set for the North Slope (in the upper Kuparuk River watershed) to develop a model to assess the vulnerability of stream systems to periodic drought, and the vulnerability of migrating fish to a loss of stream connectivity.
map background search result map search result map Foundational Science Area: Developing Climate Change Understanding and Resources for Adaptation in the North Central U.S. Foundational Science Area: Helping People and Nature Adapt to Climate Change in the North Central U.S. Measurement of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related Climate Conditions and Ecosystem Responses in Hawaiʻi River’s End: Mapping Patterns of Stream Drying in the Western United States Evaluating the Effects of Grazing Land Conservation Practices on Southwestern Watersheds Informing the Management and Coordination of Water Resources in the Rio Grande Basin Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Pacific Coast States Leaf to Landscape: Understanding and Mapping the Vulnerability of Forests to Hotter Droughts Evaluating the Effectiveness of Assisted Migration and Fish Rescue Programs Learning From Recent Snow Droughts to Improve Forecasting of Water Availability for People and Forests Anticipating Future Impacts of Temperature on Streamflow in the Colorado River Basin Climate Extremes and Ecological Impacts to California Estuaries Linking North Slope Climate, Hydrology, and Fish Migration Improving the Success of Post-Fire Adaptive Management Strategies in Sagebrush Steppe Malo‘o ka lani, wela ka honua (When the sky is dry, the earth is parched): Investigating the Cultural Dimensions of Indigenous Local Knowledge Responses to Changing Climate Conditions Improving Water Resilience and Availability Through Culturally Prescribed Fires as a Management Tool on Yurok Tribal Lands Frequency characteristics of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and climatic water deficit for Oʻahu for a set of rainfall and land-cover conditions Frequency characteristics of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and climatic water deficit for Maui for a set of rainfall and land-cover conditions Frequency characteristics of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and climatic water deficit for the Island of Hawaiʻi for a set of rainfall and land-cover conditions How Do Critical Life History Stages Limit Plant Adaptation to Changing Climate? The Role of Seedling and Sapling Survivorship in Ecosystem Resilience River’s End: Mapping Patterns of Stream Drying in the Western United States Evaluating the Effects of Grazing Land Conservation Practices on Southwestern Watersheds Frequency characteristics of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and climatic water deficit for Oʻahu for a set of rainfall and land-cover conditions Frequency characteristics of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and climatic water deficit for Maui for a set of rainfall and land-cover conditions Measurement of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related Climate Conditions and Ecosystem Responses in Hawaiʻi Improving Water Resilience and Availability Through Culturally Prescribed Fires as a Management Tool on Yurok Tribal Lands Linking North Slope Climate, Hydrology, and Fish Migration Leaf to Landscape: Understanding and Mapping the Vulnerability of Forests to Hotter Droughts Frequency characteristics of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and climatic water deficit for the Island of Hawaiʻi for a set of rainfall and land-cover conditions Evaluating the Effectiveness of Assisted Migration and Fish Rescue Programs Foundational Science Area: Helping People and Nature Adapt to Climate Change in the North Central U.S. Anticipating Future Impacts of Temperature on Streamflow in the Colorado River Basin Climate Extremes and Ecological Impacts to California Estuaries How Do Critical Life History Stages Limit Plant Adaptation to Changing Climate? The Role of Seedling and Sapling Survivorship in Ecosystem Resilience Improving the Success of Post-Fire Adaptive Management Strategies in Sagebrush Steppe Informing the Management and Coordination of Water Resources in the Rio Grande Basin Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Pacific Coast States Malo‘o ka lani, wela ka honua (When the sky is dry, the earth is parched): Investigating the Cultural Dimensions of Indigenous Local Knowledge Responses to Changing Climate Conditions Learning From Recent Snow Droughts to Improve Forecasting of Water Availability for People and Forests Foundational Science Area: Developing Climate Change Understanding and Resources for Adaptation in the North Central U.S.